Kipi kipi: kānalua ʻo Mongering

"E kānalua i nā mea āpau a i ʻole e manaʻoʻiʻo i nā mea āpau he ʻoluʻolu kūpono like. Hāʻawi nā mea ʻelua i ka pono o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, "i kākau ai ka mea makemakika o ka hopena o ka kenekulia 19 a me Henri Poincaré ( ʻEpekema a me ke Kuhiakau , 1905). No ka ʻepekema, aia he "pono ​​i ke kānalua," ʻoiai ke kānalua, ka maopopo ʻole, a me ka skepticism olakino ka mea nui i ka hana ʻepekema (Allison et al., ʻEpekema ʻAmelika , 2018). ʻO ka ʻepekema, ma hope o nā mea āpau, hoʻoulu ʻia e "hunches a me nā manaʻo vague" (Rozenblit lāua ʻo Keil, ʻEpekema Kognitive , 2002).

I kekahi manawa nō naʻe, aia kekahi e hoʻohana a pili pū me ke kānalua kūpono ʻole (Allison et al., 2018; Lewandowsky et al., ʻEpekema Psychological, 2013). ʻO kēia nā kanalua nāna e hoʻohana i ka "ʻepekema e kūʻē i ka ʻepekema" e hana i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa. Hoʻonāukiuki lākou i ka ʻepekema koʻikoʻi o ka maopopo ʻole ma ka ʻaʻa ʻana iā ia, e like me, me ka poʻe e hōʻole i ka huliau (Goldberg a me Vandenberg, Nā hōʻike e pili ana i ke olakino olakino, 2019).

"ʻO ka kānalua kā mākou huahana" lilo i mantra o nā ʻoihana paka (Goldberg and Vandenberg, 2019). Ua hoʻāʻo kekahi mau ʻoihana ʻē aʻe e hoʻohana i ka ʻōnaehana loio ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā diagnose kuhi hewa (e laʻa me ke kuhikuhi ʻana i ka "hānō miner" ma mua o ka maʻi ʻo "lung black" i ʻoi aku ka make); hoʻopili i nā haʻawina maikaʻi me nā haʻawina nāwaliwali; ka hoʻolimalima ʻana i nā "poʻe loea" me nā hakakā hakakā o ka hoihoi a i ʻole kā lākou mau papa ponoʻī. ke kānalua nei i kahi ʻē aʻe (e laʻa me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hewa mai ke kō a hiki i ka momona ke ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea ʻelua i ka nui); ʻikepili ʻohiʻohi cherry a i ʻole kaohi ʻana i nā hopena hōʻino; a me ka hana ʻana ad hominem hoʻouka kūʻē i nā ʻepekema e ʻaʻa e ʻōlelo ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka mana (Goldberg and Vandenberg, 2019).

Kahi piha kahi kānalua me kahi kānalua kahi mākaukau no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā manaʻo kipi, keu hoʻi i ka pōʻaiapili o ka pūnaewele. Hoʻokomo ʻia mākou i kēia manawa me nā "cascades ʻike" (Sunstein a me Vermeule, ʻO ka Ka Nupepa o akeakamai , 2009), kahi "infodemic," me he mea lā (Teovanovic et al., Noi Cognitive Psychology, 2020), kahi o ka "kūlana kiaʻi kuʻuna" o ka pāpāho (Butter, Ke ʻano o nā kipi kipi , S. Howe, unuhi, 2020). Eia hou, hana ka pūnaewele ma ke ʻano he pūnaewele keʻena kuʻi (Pata, 2020; Wang et al., PilikanakaʻEpekema & Kauka , 2019) e like me ka nui o ka hoʻopiʻi hou ʻana, ʻo ka mea i hilinaʻi ʻia, kahi ʻano i kapa ʻia ʻoiaʻiʻo illusory (Brashier a me Malaki, ʻO ka loiloi makahiki o ka Psychology , 2020), a ʻo ka nui o ka mea e hōʻoia ai i ka mea a mākou i manaʻoʻiʻo ai (ʻo ia hoʻi, hōʻoia hōʻoia) . Hoʻololi ka kānalua i ka manaʻo paʻa.

He aha ke kumumanaʻo kipi? He a manaʻo paʻa Loaʻa i kahi hui kekahi pahuhopu nefarious. Manaʻo ʻia nā kumumanaʻo kipi i ka honua āpau, ākea, a ʻaʻole pono i nā pathological (van Prooijen a me van Vugt, Nāʻike i ka ʻepekema Psychological, 2018). Ma mua o ka hopena o ka maʻi psychiatric a i ʻole "irrationality maʻalahi," e noʻonoʻo paha lākou i ka mea i kapa ʻia epistemology palaka , ʻo ia hoʻi, ka ʻike hoʻoponopono pili palena (Sunstein and Vermeule, 2009).

Ua ʻike ʻia nā manaʻo kipi i loko o ka mōʻaukala, ʻoiai lākou e hele mau nei i nā "ʻale nalu," i hoʻoneʻe pinepine ʻia e nā wā o ka haunaele lehulehu (Hofstadter, ʻO ke kaila Paranoid i ka politika politika ʻAmelika , Paʻi 1965). ʻO ka poʻe kipi, ʻoiaʻiʻo, e hana ʻia (e laʻa, kipi e pepehi kanaka iā Julius Caesar), akā i kēia mau lā, e lepili ana i kahi mea i loko o kahi kumumanaʻo kipi, a stigmatizing and de-legitimizing it (Butter, 2020).

Loaʻa i nā kipi kekahi mau mea hoʻohui: Pili nā mea āpau, a ʻaʻohe mea e loaʻa wale; kuka pono a hūnā; pili kekahi hui kanaka; aʻo nā pahuhopu i manaʻo ʻia o kēia hui he mea hōʻino, hoʻoweliweli, a hoʻopunipuni paha (van Prooijen a me van Vugt, 2018). Aia kekahi ʻano e scapegoat a hana i kahi manaʻo "us-versus-lākou" i hiki ai ke alakaʻi i ka hana ʻino (Douglas, Ka Puke Pilikino Paniolo , 2021; Andrade, Lapaʻau, mālama olakino a me kālaiʻike, 2020). Kūkulu nā kipi i ka manaʻo, hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka maopopo ʻole, a hoʻokūkū i ke kūloko kanaka (Butter, 2020).

ʻO Philosopher Karl Popper kekahi o nā mea mua e hoʻohana i kēia huaʻōlelo i ke ʻano o kēia au i kākau ai e pili ana i ka "kuhi hewa" manaʻo kipi o ke kaiāulu , ʻo ia hoʻi kēlā me kēia mea e hana ai nā mea ʻino (e laʻa me ke kaua, ka ʻilihune, ka hana ʻole) nā hopena pololei o nā hoʻolālā a ka poʻe lawehala (Popper, ʻO ka Open Society a me kāna mau ʻenemi , 1945). I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, wahi a Popper, aia nō kekahi mea i hiki ʻole ke pale ʻia "nā hopena pili kaiapili i manaʻo ʻole ʻia" mai ka mea i manaʻo ʻia hana a kānaka.

I loko o kāna moʻolelo essay i kēia manawa, ua kākau ʻo Hofstadter he poʻe kekahi kaila paranoid i ke ʻano o ko lākou ʻike ʻana i ka honua. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo ia i kēia kaila, i ʻike ʻia i nā poʻe maʻamau, mai ka poʻe i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi diagnostic psychiatric o paranoia, ʻoiai ke ʻano he "overheated, suspicious, overaggressive, grandiose, and apocalyptic."

ʻO ke kanaka paranoid maʻi, eia naʻe, ʻike i ka honua "ʻenemi a kipi" kūʻē iā ia. akā ʻo ka poʻe me kahi kaila paranoid e ʻike i ke kuhikuhi ʻia i kekahi ʻano o ke ola a i ʻole ka lāhui holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka poʻe me kahi kaila paranoid e hōʻiliʻili paha i nā hōʻike, akā i kekahi manawa "koʻikoʻi", hana lākou i kahi "leap leisy o ka manaʻo," ʻo ia hoʻi, "... mai ka mea hōʻole ʻole i ka mea hiki ʻole ke hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia" (Hofstadter, 1965). Eia kekahi, ʻo ka poʻe i manaʻoʻiʻo i hoʻokahi kumumanaʻo kipi i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi i ka manaʻo i kekahi, a me nā mea pili ʻole (van Prooijen a me van Vugt, 2018).

I ka manawa e paʻa ai nā kumumanaʻo kipi, "paʻakikī paʻakikī lākou e hoʻowahāwahā" a loaʻa iā lākou ke ʻano "hoʻopaʻa iho": ʻO kā lākou hiʻohiʻona nui "kūpaʻa loa lākou i ka hoʻoponopono" (Sunstein and Vermeule, 2009). "He kanaka paʻakikī ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kanaka e komo ana i loko o kahi hui nona nā alakaʻi, i aʻoaʻo ʻia e nā leka i hoʻouna ʻia e nā "mea kiʻekiʻe" mai kahi panalā aʻe, wānana i kahi hanana hopena o ka honua. I ka wā i kū ai me nā "hōʻike hōʻoia hōʻoia hōʻole ʻole," ʻo ka poʻe o ka hui i loaʻa i ke kākoʻo kaiaulu o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i hōʻemi i ko lākou dissonance a me ka hōʻoluʻolu ʻole ʻana ma o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ke kumu o ka hiki ʻole o kā lākou wānana a "hoʻomoʻomaʻu loa i ko lākou kūʻiʻo," e like me ka ʻimi ikaika ʻana i nā mea hou ( ʻO Festinger et al., Ke hāʻule wānana , 1956).

No ke aha e pale aku ai nā manaʻo kipi i ka hoʻopunipuni? O mākou naʻau ʻino ʻike: ʻO ka hapa nui o mākou e pane reflexively ma kahi o noonoo a pale i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana no ka mea ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī e hana pēlā (Pennycook lāua ʻo Rand, Pepa Pai o ka Pilikino , 2020). Kūleʻa mākou e nānā i nā wehewehe hopena a loaʻa i ka manaʻo a me nā hiʻohiʻona i nā hanana hanana e like me ke ʻano palekana i loko o kā mākou kaiaulu (Douglas et al., Nā Kuhikuhi o kēia manawa i ka Science Psychological , 2017). Eia hou, noʻonoʻo mākou ua maopopo iā mākou ka honua me "nā kikoʻī kikoʻī, lokahi, a me ka hohonu" - kāhea ʻia ka illusion o ka wehewehe wehewehe— ma mua o kā mākou hana (Rozenblit lāua ʻo Keil, 2002).

Laina lalo: Aia nā manaʻo kipi i loko o ka mōʻaukala a ma nā wahi āpau. ʻO ka poʻe i manaʻoʻiʻo ʻaʻole kūleʻa a i ʻole psychologically hoʻohaunaele, akā ʻo ka hilinaʻi iā lākou hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hana ʻino, radicalization, a me ka "us-versus-lākou" mentality. I kēia mau lā, ua lawe lākou i kahi pilina pejorative. Pono kā mākou kanaka e ʻike i nā lauana i nā hanana hanana a me ka hopena ma kahi o ka mea i koe e maʻalahi ai i kā lākou mana.

ʻO ka manaʻoʻiʻo i nā kumumanaʻo kipi he ulia a pale ʻole i ka hoʻoponopono. Hoʻokumu ka pūnaewele i kahi lumi echo kahi e hana ai ka repetition i kahi kuhihewa o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. I kēia kaiapuni, e ulu a kānalua paha kekahi i ka manaʻo paʻa.

Mahalo nui iā Kauka David B. Allison, Dean o ke Kula o ka Lehulehu, Ke Kulanui ʻo Indiana, Bloomington, no ke kāhea ʻana i ka manaʻo i ka ʻōlelo a Poincaré.