Pehea e hoʻololi ai nā Counteroffers i ka Game Ultimatum

Hele i mua. Hana i koʻu lā . - Harry Callahan, kūpono, maikaʻi ʻole, ʻoiai he mākaʻi mākaʻi kūʻiʻo San Francisco

Maikaʻi loa ka poʻe Iran a me ka poʻe Perusia i ke ʻano o ke kūkākūkā ʻana . - Donald Trump, ka Pelekikena mua o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa

ʻO ka pāʻani ultimatum he microcosm hoʻokolohua o ke kūkākūkā ʻana. Hōʻike ka mea noi P pehea e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai kahi kālā liʻiliʻi a ʻae ʻo Responder R i ka ʻaelike a i ʻole vetoe iā ia. ʻAe ʻae ʻia kahi mahele kaulike, akā ʻo ka ʻāpana aloha e hōʻole ʻia. Ke kū kēlā, ʻaʻole loaʻa iā P a R kekahi mea (Güth et al., 1982; e nānā pū iā Krueger, 2016 a me 2020 ma kēia paepae). Nānā ʻia ka noiʻi Psychological inā, no ke aha, a i ka manawa a R e veto ai i kahi kuʻikahi a pehea e manaʻo ai ʻo P a pale aku i kēia hopena. ʻO ka nīnau mua e hoʻohuli i ka pāʻani i kahi hihia o ka noʻonoʻo pono; ʻo ka nīnau hope e pili ana i nā pilikia o ka ʻike kaiaulu e like me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, ka manaʻo o ka noʻonoʻo, a me nā wānana ma lalo o ka maopopo ʻole.

Ma hope o nā ʻanuʻu ʻelua o ke noi a me ka pane, ua pau ka pāʻani ultimatum. Hele nā ​​mea pāʻani i ka home a kākau nā mea noiʻi i kahi pepa. ʻO kēia ka nani a me ka palena o ka pāʻani. I ka nahelehele, hele pinepine nā kūkākūkā ma mua o ʻelua mau ʻanuʻu. E noʻonoʻo i kahi pāʻani e hoʻi ai ka mana veto iā P. Eia ia: hāʻawi ʻo P e hoʻokaʻawale i $ 10. Hiki iā R ke ʻae i ka noi a hana i kahi counteroffer, a hiki i ka P ke ʻae a veto paha.

E hāʻawi paha ʻo P i kahi hoʻokaʻawale 8: 2. I ka pāʻani maʻamau, hoʻowalewale ʻia ʻo R e hōʻole iā ia mai loko mai o ka huhū, ka lili, ka huhū maikaʻi a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana o kēia mau manaʻo. ʻAʻole hiki ke veto i ka hana, hiki iā R ke hana i kahi counteroffer. He ʻāpana 5: 5 paha kēia, i lana ka manaʻo i ka mua, a i ʻole 2: 8, he ʻano kaulike, a ʻānō loa paha, he counteroffer. A 2: 8 mea psychologically like i ka veto. ʻAe wale ʻo R e huki ʻo P i nā hopena (no ka unuhi ʻē aʻe, e ʻike i ka memo ma ka hopena o kēia essay). ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka counteroffer 5: 5 no ka mea e hōʻike ana i ka maʻamau o ke kaulike a R e manaʻo nei e mahalo ʻo P a me R. Ke hōʻike nei i ka nānā pono ʻana i ka manaʻo hoʻopunipuni o P. I ka hiki ke ʻike i kēia mau mea āpau, ʻoi aku paha ka hāʻawi ʻana o P i kahi hoʻokaʻawale kūpono i kēia pāʻani i hoʻololi ʻia ma mua o ka pāʻani ʻanuʻu ʻelua mau kanonika. Ke hoʻohui nei i kēia kaʻina hou a ʻae i nā mea pāʻani ʻelua e hāʻawi i kahi hāʻawi, ʻoiai e waiho ana i ka mana veto me ka mea hoʻoneʻe mua, e hoʻonā paha i ka pāʻani ultimatum me kahi neʻe i ka hoʻoponopono kaulike.

I kēia pāʻani i hoʻololi ʻia, ʻoi aku ka mana o ka mana veto o P ma mua o ka mea maoli no ka mea ʻo ka hōʻole ʻana i kahi hana kūpono ka mea e hōʻino ai i nā mea a ka mea pāʻani a me nā pono kaulana (Krueger et al., 2020). ʻOiai, hiki i kekahi ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa i kēia pāʻani i hoʻololi ʻia no ka mea ʻoiai inā hāʻawi ʻo P i 6: 4, e kūʻē paha ʻo R me 5: 5 a P e ʻae aku ai - a no laila e ʻaneʻane e hāʻawi i 5: 5 i ka wahi mua. No ka pale ʻana i ka iho ʻana i loko o ka triviality, e noʻonoʻo i ka hiki ke ʻae ʻia ʻo P e pane i kahi counteroffer maikaʻi e ka hōʻoia hou ʻana i ka hāʻawi mua a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka mana veto iā R. Ma kēia hoʻololi i hoʻololi ʻia o ka pāʻani, ʻike paha mākou i kēia ke kaʻina o nā hanana: hāʻawi ʻo P i nā helu helu 8: 2 a me R me 5: 5, i hiki i ka P ke ʻae a i ʻole veto, a i ʻole ke koi ʻana i ka hāʻawi kumu 8: 2. No P e koi aku i ka 8: 2 he ʻaʻa ʻelua no ka mea ua maopopo leʻa ʻaʻole makemake ʻo R iā ia. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka pāʻani maʻamau, hiki i ka P ke maopopo loa i kēia manawa e R veto 8: 2. No laila, ʻaʻole koi ʻo P i ka 8: 2 a kau i ka 5: 5. Eia hou, ʻoiai inā e hoʻomaha ka mana veto me R, me he mea lā ʻo kēia hoʻololi hoʻololi ʻole o ka pāʻani, kahi e hāʻawi ai i nā mea pāʻani i kahi manawa kūpono e hāʻawi i kahi hāʻawi, hoʻonui i nā manawa o ka mahele kaulike e lanakila.

Inā pololei kaʻu mau intuitions, ʻo ka pane i kēia post's byline "ʻae." ʻOi aku ʻolua (ʻo ʻolua) i kahi pāʻani counter-ultimatum no ka mea ʻoi aku ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi ʻaelike. I kēia manawa e hoʻomanaʻo i ka hoʻolālā canonical o ka pāʻani, ʻaʻole i ʻae i kahi counteroffer, ʻo ia ka hana a ka mea hoʻāʻo. Hiki i nā mea pāʻani i ka hihiu ke hoʻolālā (a i ʻole hoʻolālā co) i kā lākou mau pāʻani ponoʻī.ʻO wai ka mea e kāohi iā ʻoe mai ka hana ʻana i kahi counteroffer ke hōʻike ʻia me kahi ultimatum?

I ka nahelehele, wikiwiki wikiwiki nā mea. Aia ka lana o ka manaʻo me kahi aʻo iki i ka manaʻo pāʻani, ʻike paha mākou i kahi pāʻani a mākou e pāʻani ai i ka manawa e pāʻani ʻia ai i hiki ai iā mākou ke hana i ka pane maikaʻi loa. Auē, ʻike pinepine mākou i ka lohi o ke ʻano o ka pāʻani, keu hoʻi inā pau ʻole mākou i ka lima. A laila hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohiki iā mākou iho e hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ka manawa aʻe a rationalize paha i kā mākou hoʻoholo i nā ʻano moristic i hiki ai iā mākou ke noho me ka pohō waiwai.

Kaha . Ua hoʻokuʻu paha wau i ka hiki iā R ke kuʻe i kahi hāʻawi 8: 2 me kahi hāʻawi like 2: 8 like ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, he kumu no ka hana wale ʻana i kēia. Kuhi kahi hāʻawi o $ 2 e manaʻo ʻo P e hauʻoli ʻo R e ʻae i kēia liʻiliʻi. ʻOiaʻiʻo, e ʻae kekahi i kahi hāʻawi liʻiliʻi no ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o $ 2 ma mua o $ 0. A ʻo kēia manaʻo ua komo pū ʻo P. R hiki iā ia ke ʻōlelo penei "Inā manaʻo ʻoe ʻae wau i $ 2, hiki iaʻu ke manaʻo e noho pū ʻoe no ia mea. No laila, hāʻawi wau iā $ 2 iā ʻoe." ʻAʻole koi kēia kumu i ka huhū, ka lili, ka huhū a me nā ʻano lawena ʻē aʻe. Ua lawa ka noʻonoʻo hoʻohaʻahaʻa.