ʻO Mozart a me ka Effort Paradox

ʻO Joachim Krueger, Tanushri Sundar, Erin Gresalfi, a me Anna Cohenuram i kākau ʻia kēia blog.

"ʻAʻohe mea o ka honua e pono e loaʻa a kūpono paha e hana inā ʻaʻole ia he hana, ʻeha, paʻakikī ... ʻaʻole wau i lili i koʻu ola i kahi kanaka i alakaʻi i kahi ola maʻalahi. Ua lili wau i ka nui o nā poʻe i alakaʻi i ke ola paʻakikī a alakaʻi maikaʻi iā lākou. ” -Theodore Roosevelt ("Nā Manaʻo ʻAmelika i ka Hoʻonaʻauao," 1910)

Hoʻopili ka pilina ma waena o ka hana a me ka kūleʻa me nā mea kūlike ʻole. ʻO ka "paradox hoʻoikaika" ka dissonance ma waena o nā normative implications o ka hoʻāʻo a me nā mea hoʻoikaika i kēlā me kēia e koho i nā hana kūleʻa (Inzlicht et al., 2018). ʻOiai nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻokele waiwai maʻamau e mālama i ka hana ma ke ʻano he kumu kūʻai, hiki i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana iā ia iho ke hoʻohui i ka waiwai i nā hopena i loaʻa a i ʻole he uku maʻamau. E noʻonoʻo, e laʻa, i ka manawa hope loa āu e heluhelu ai no ka leʻaleʻa a i ʻole leʻaleʻa i kahi pāʻani chess koi. ʻO ia leʻaleʻa e hōʻike i ka ʻoluʻolu o kahi "pono ​​no ka ʻike," kahi ʻano makemake e komo i ka noʻonoʻo hoʻoikaika (Cacioppo et al., 1996).

Hoʻonui ʻia ka paradox hana ma mua o ka iho. ʻO ka pahuhopu "Ice Bucket", no ka laʻana, hoʻonui wikiwiki i ka wikiwiki o ka noiʻi amylerophic lateral sclerosis (als.org). Ua hoʻolei nā mea i komo i nā pākeke wai maloʻo ma ko lākou poʻo, hāʻawi manawaleʻa i nā hui ALS, a paipai i kā lākou mau hoaaloha e hana like. ʻO kēia ka hopena martyrdom i ka hana. ʻO ka nui o kā mākou ʻeha no kahi kumu manawaleʻa, ʻo ka nui o kā mākou hāʻawi manawaleʻa ʻana. A ʻo ka nui o nā mea e ʻeha no kahi kumu manawaleʻa, ʻo ka nui o kā mākou hāʻawi manawaleʻa (Olivola & Shafir, 2018). ʻO kēia hoʻolōʻihi o ka paradox hoʻoikaika i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e hoʻohui i ka nuance i ka pilina hoʻāʻo a me ka hāpai ʻana i kahi nīnau hoihoi. Makemake anei mākou i nā hopena a haʻi e loaʻa pono?

ʻO ka pane maʻalahi ka "ʻae." Makemake mākou i ka poʻe e hana no kā lākou kūleʻa, no laila paʻa mākou iā lākou i nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe o nā manaʻo hoʻoikaika. ʻO ka pepehi kanaka makehewa ʻana o Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart e kāna mea hoʻokūkū ʻo Antonio Salieri e ʻōlelo nei i kēia hanana. ʻOiai ua make paha ʻo Mozart mai kahi maʻi (Borowitz, 1973), ʻo ka manaʻo o Salieri ke ʻano pepehi kanaka lili i hoihoi i ka poʻe i loko o nā kenekulia. I ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni mahalo nui ʻia Amadeus (1984), ka mea haipule ʻo Salieri e hakakā nei me kona manaʻoʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i ke kumu e hāʻawi ai ke Akua i ke akamai mele i kahi keikikāne makua ʻole a maikaʻi ʻole kekahi manawa. Maʻalahi loa ka makana a Mozart, kanikau ʻo Salieri. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i loaʻa. Ua hoʻomāʻehaʻeha ʻia ʻo Salieri e kahi nīnau a mākou a pau, i kekahi manawa, nīnau iā mākou iho: Inā loaʻa kēlā makana, no ke aha i hāʻawi ʻole ʻia ai iaʻu?

Ke hoʻomau nei kēia moʻolelo o ka lili prodigy no ka mea ke kani nei. Ma o ka hiki maoli, prodigies a Wunderkinder hoʻokaʻawale i ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻāʻo a me ka hoʻokō ʻana, a me nā hōʻike e like me ka maikaʻi i hōʻike ʻole ʻia e hōʻeuʻeu i nā hopena paʻakikī mai ka poʻe i kaʻana like ʻole i ka makana like.

Hoʻoulu ʻia e ka mele a me Mozart, ua kūkulu mākou i kahi ʻano hoʻohālike e ana i nā loiloi o ka hana a haʻi. Ua hana mākou ʻeiwa mau hanana hoʻoikaika-ʻokoʻa e ke keʻa ʻana i ʻekolu mau pae o ka mākaukau (maikaʻi, maikaʻi, papa honua) i mea kani i haku ʻia, ka milano , me nā hola o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa (1 hola, 5 mau hola, 8 mau hola i ka lā). Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻolālā i ke kiʻi ma luna. I ka Nānā 1, ua noi mākou i nā mea pane e hoʻonohonoho i nā hanana hopena no lākou iho, a ma ka Haʻawina 2 ua noi mākou iā lākou e hoʻonohonoho i nā hanana hopena no ka poʻe maʻamau. Ua wānana mākou e makemake nā mea pane i ka Study 1 i nā kūlana o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ke kūleʻa kiʻekiʻe e like me ke kāpae kālā, a ua wānana mākou e hōʻike nā mea pane i ka Study 2 i kahi hui ikaika ma waena o ka hana a me ka kūleʻa, me nā kūlana "loaʻa me ka ikaika" ka mea i makemake nui ʻia. .

Nā hualoaʻa - i hōʻike ʻia i ke kiʻi ma lalo - i loaʻa mai nā haumāna i kahi papa no ka hauʻoli. No lākou iho a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, makemake nā mea pane i ka manawa hana liʻiliʻi a hoʻonui i ka maikaʻi. Kūlike kēia mau hopena me nā hopena normative o ka hana ma ke ʻano he waiwai kūʻai waiwai. ʻOiai ua leʻaleʻa mākou i ka manaʻo e kū mai ka paradox o ka hana ma Study 1, ua wānana pololei mākou e lanakila ana kahi hedonistic, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka ikaika-averse, ka kuanaʻike. ʻOiai ʻo ka hana maʻamau e manaʻo ʻia he kumu kūloko o ka holomua (Weiner, 1985), mālama kā mākou paradigm i ka hana ma ke ʻano he koho kūwaho. E like me ia, ʻo ka koho pono o kahi mea pane i kahi hopena nāwaliwali paha i nā manaʻo e pili ana iā ia iho, a ua loaʻa paha i nā mea pane i ka pōmaikaʻi pilikino palena ʻole i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana ma mua o ka mea i koi ʻia. No laila hoʻopaʻa ʻo 1 i ka manaʻo he kumu kūʻai ka hana ma ka milano hoʻohālike.

Kū ka paradox hana ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻikepili o Study 1 me ka ʻikepili o Study 2. Ua mālama mākou i ka hanana hedonistic (1 hola, papa honua) ma ke ʻano heuristic hoʻohālikelike ma waena o nā makemake a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e pili ana. A Welch ʻelua laʻana taa ua hōʻike nā hōʻike 222 i ka hui helu ponoʻī ( M = 1.57, SD = 1.65) hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka 109 poʻe i komo i ka hui helu ʻē aʻe ( M = 2.45, SD = 2.51) he ʻoi aku ka ikaika i makemake ʻia no ka hanana hedonistic loa o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana no 1 hola no ke kūlana papa honua, t ( 155.294) = 3.37, p 0.01, d = 0.42.

ʻOiai makemake i ka holomua o ka hana haʻahaʻa i nā hana ʻelua, ua ʻoi aku ka makemake o nā mea pane e koho i kahi ʻoki pōkole liʻiliʻi loa no lākou iho ma mua o kahi hoa hele. Hōʻike ka ʻikepili he ʻano mākou, akā ʻaʻole maʻalahi, stingy me ka makana o ke tālena koke. Makemake mākou i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e lilo i mea i ka kūleʻa o kā mākou poʻe hoa. No ke aha mai?

Maliʻa paha, e like me Salieri, makaʻala mākou i nā kālena hoʻokalakupua. Hōʻike ka hana paʻa i kahi hoʻokō i loaʻa a pono hoʻi. E huhū paha mākou no ka mea ʻaʻole mākou ka poʻe i hāʻawi ʻia i ka loea lua ʻole. Me kēia kuanaʻike, hōʻike ka ʻikepili i kahi bias egocentric i ka pololei. ʻO ka mea kūpono iā mākou ka mea i ʻoi aku ka waiwai ma mua o ka mea kūpono no nā poʻe ʻē aʻe (Messick & Sentis, 1978), ʻoiai mākou e noʻonoʻo nei iā mākou iho he mau hoʻokoe i nā kumumanaʻo e alakaʻi i ke kaiāulu.

A e like me Salieri, ka mea hiki ʻole ke mahalo i ko Mozart ikaika, hiki ʻole iā mākou ke kuhi hewa. Hoʻonui mākou i nā kumukūʻai i kau ʻia iā mākou iho (Wolfson & Salancik, 1977) a hoʻowahāwahā i nā kumukūʻai i kau ʻia ma luna o kekahi poʻe (Wirtz et al., 2004). ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hana paʻakikī ma waho o ka lawe. ʻOkoʻa, hiki iā mākou ke koho pololei i nā kumukūʻai akā e kīloi i ka hana nui e mālama i ka ʻike ʻoi aku ka hauʻoli o mākou ma mua o kā mākou mau hoa (Krueger, 2021).

ʻO ka milano Pākuʻi ʻo vignette i ka paradox hoʻoikaika. I ka nānā ʻana i nā mea i loaʻa i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, mahalo nui mākou i ka hana no ka mea he kumukūʻai ia. ʻO ke kuhihewa o ka hana nui, me he mea lā, hauʻoli paha mākou.