Nā Kulanui Kahiki 10 ma ka Honua

Anter

• ʻO kēia nā kula mua loa o ka honua, me ko lākou wahi a me ko lākou makahiki o ke kahua.
• ʻO kēia nā kula nui loa o ka honua, a me ko lākou wahi
• 1. Kulanui o Bologna, ʻItalia (1088)
• 2. Kulanui o Oxford, UK (1096)
• 3. Kulanui o Cambridge, UK (1209)
• 4. Kulanui o Salamanca, Sepania (1218)
• 5. Ke Kulanui o Padua, ʻItalia (1222)
• 6. Kulanui o Napela Federico II, ʻItalia (1224)
• 7. Ke Kulanui o Siena, ʻItalia (1240)
• 8. Ke Kulanui o Valladolid, Sepania (1241)
• 9. Kulanui o Murcia, Sepania (1272)
• 10. Kulanui o Coimbra, Pokukala (1290)
• Nā ʻōlelo kūikawā
• 1. Ke Kulanui o Nalanda, ʻInia (450)
• 2. Kulanui o Al-Karaouine, Morocco (859)
• 3. Al-Azhar University, ʻAigupita (972)
• 4. Kula Nui ʻo Al-Nizamiyya, ʻIraka (1065)

ʻO kēia nā kula mua loa o ka honua, me ko lākou wahi a me ko lākou makahiki o ke kahua.

Ke kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i nā kula nui, hiki i nā wahi i ka manaʻo kahi poʻe he nui, i kekahi manawa mai nā wahi mamao loa, e kaʻana like i nā ʻike like ʻole, e hāpai ana i ka noʻonoʻo a me ka noʻonoʻo loi.

ʻOiai i kēia mau lā he mau kaukani nā kula e hiki iā mākou ke ʻike a puni ka hona o ka honua, ma ka mua he kakaikahi kēia mau keʻena a ua kaupalena ʻia i ka ʻāina o ʻEulopa, ma ka liʻiliʻi inā e nānā mākou i nā hui i kūlike me ka wehewehe maʻamau o ke "kulanui".

Ma lalo mākou e ʻike ai ʻo ia nā kula nui loa o ka honua, me ka ʻike ʻana i ko lākou kumu a e lawe mākou i ka manawa kūpono e ʻōlelo kūikawā ai i nā ʻoihana, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou i puka ma ke ʻano he mau kula nui, nui nā mea e pili ana iā ia.

ʻO kēia nā kula nui loa o ka honua, a me ko lākou wahi

ʻO nā Kulanui kahi kikowaena no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka moʻomeheu, ka ʻike o nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā mea hoʻolaha o ka noʻonoʻo loi a me ka noʻonoʻo. ʻO kahi ʻāina i nele i ke kula nui kahi ʻāina palena ʻole, ʻaʻohe mea nui e hāʻawi i ke koena o ka honua e pili ana i ka moʻomeheu a me ka aʻo. Ua lilo nā Kulanui, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i ka honua mua, i nā ʻenehana waiwai a me nā moʻomeheu e pono ai e like me ka ʻoihana, kālepa a me ka hoʻokipa.

ʻO nā hui mua i kapa pono ʻia "nā kula" i hoʻomaka ʻia ma waena o ʻEulopa. I kēia manawa aia nā kikowaena i kapa ʻia ʻo "studium generale" a i ʻole "hoʻopaʻa haʻawina laulā", nā kikowaena i aʻo ʻia ai nā ʻano hoʻopaʻi like ʻole.

I ka huli ʻana, ua hoʻomaka nā noiʻi ākea i nā kula kahuna pule i wehe i ko lākou mau puka i nā kāne hoʻomana ʻole. ʻOiai ʻaʻole e hōʻike ʻia ke poʻo inoa "kulanui" a hiki i ka 1254, aia kekahi mau kikowaena hoʻonaʻauao ma mua o kēia lā i manaʻo ʻia ʻo nā kula nui mua.

1. Kulanui o Bologna, ʻItalia (1088)

ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia me ka maopopo ke hoʻokumu ʻia ke Kulanui o Bologna, akā ua ʻae ʻia aia ma kahi o 1088. ʻO ke kulanui mua kēia i hoʻokumu ʻia, ʻoiai ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "kulanui" a ʻaʻole e puka aʻe ka manaʻo ma hope o ʻelua mau kenekulia. ma hope.

Ke Kulanui o Bologna ʻike ʻia no ka hoʻomaka ʻana i nā noi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma ka Honua Komohana a, no 30 mau makahiki, ʻo ia ke kikowaena mai kahi i kū mai ai ka ʻAelike Bologna, a me nā kikowaena o ʻEulopa i hoʻohui ʻia i nā hoʻolālā hoʻopaʻa ʻana e hoʻokumu ana i ka neʻe ʻana i ka ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he ala e kōkua ai i ka ʻike like ʻana o nā hōʻaiʻē kula.

Ma mua ua loea ʻo ia i ke kānāwai a he kūlana maikaʻi kona i kēia aʻo. Ma waena o nā kiʻi moʻolelo nui i hele i kāna mau papa e loaʻa iā mākou nā kiʻi e like me Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, Thomas Becket, Erasmus o Rotterdam, Copernicus, Marconi a me Umberto Eco. I kēia lā ma kahi o 80,000 haumāna i kākau inoa ʻia.

2. Kulanui o Oxford, UK (1096)

E like me Bologna, ʻaʻole maopopo leʻa ʻia ka wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ke Kulanui o Oxford, e hoʻomanaʻo nei aia ma kahi o 1096. Ma 1167 Ua pāpā aku ʻo King Henry II o ʻEnelani i ka poʻe Pelekania mai ke aʻo ʻana ma Palani, ka mea i hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā haumāna ma kēia kula nui a, mai ia manawa, ua lilo ia i hale kula hanohano nui loa ma ka ʻāina Anglo-Sakona. ʻIke ʻia ia i kēia manawa no kāna papahana humanities.

Ma waena o kāna mau haumāna kaulana loa iā mākou ʻo John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Bill Clinton, Tony Blair, Indira Ghandi, Adam Smith, Albert Einstein, Erwin Schrödinger, Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Hawking a me Richard Dawkins. Ma kahi o 50 o kāna mau haumāna puka i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he Nobel laureates a, i kēia lā, hoʻokipa kēia kula i nā haumāna he 20,000, i koho pono ʻia no kā lākou pono.

3. Kulanui o Cambridge, UK (1209)

ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke Kulanui o Cambridge e pili nui ana iā Oxford. Ma 1209 ua haʻalele kahi hui o nā ʻatikala ʻo Oxford i ke keʻena e noho ana ma Cambridge ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o ʻelua mau haumāna i hoʻopiʻi ʻia no ka pue wahine. Me ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻo Cambridge ma ke ʻano he kaiāulu haumāna holomua a novelvel, a ma ka 1231, ua loaʻa i kēia kulanui ka ʻae a me ka pale o Henry III. Ma waho o kēia e kū mai kahi hoʻokūkū mōʻaukala ma waena o Oxford a me Cambridge, hoʻomau ia a hiki i kēia lā.

ʻO kāna mau haumāna a me nā kumu kaulana loa ʻo Sir Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin, Sir Francis Bacon, Stephen Hawking, Hugh Laurie, Stephen Fry, John Milton, Alan Turing, Charles o Wales, Emma Thompson, a me Sacha Baron Cohen. ʻOi aku ka nani o Oxford, ʻoiai ua hana ʻo Cambridge a hiki i ka 90 Nobel laureates. Kū ʻo ia i waho i ka ʻepekema.

4. Kulanui o Salamanca, Sepania (1218)

Ma 1218 ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke aʻo ākea o Salamanca, kahi makahiki i lawe ʻia e like me ka lā hoʻokumu o kāna kulanui o kēia manawa. Ma 1253 ke Kulanui o Salamanca i loaʻa i kēia poʻo inoa e kahi palapala na King Alfonso X the Wise, ʻo ia ke kulanui ʻōlelo Paniolo kahiko loa o ka honua. I ka makahiki 1255 ua ʻike ʻo Pope Alexander IV i ka pono ākea o nā kekelē i hāʻawi ʻia i loko, a hāʻawi iā ia i ke kuleana o ka loaʻa ʻana o kāna sila iho.

Mai ka wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai, ua hoʻomau ia i ka hana no ʻaneʻane 8 mau kenekulia, e loaʻa ana i waena o kāna mau haumāna nā mea nui no ka mōʻaukala Sepania a me ka moʻomeheu e like me Fray Luis de León, Fernando de Rojas, Hernán Cortés, Luis de Góngora, Calderón de la Barca a me Miguel de ʻO Unamuno, ʻaʻole ia he haumāna akā he rector hoʻi. I kēia manawa he 30,000 kāna mau haumāna.

5. Ke Kulanui o Padua, ʻItalia (1222)

E like me ka mea i hana ʻia iā Oxford me Cambridge, ma ʻItalia kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia. Ma 1222 kahi hui o nā haumāna a me nā polopeka mai ke Kulanui o Bologna, makemake nui i ke kūʻokoʻa o ka manaʻo, neʻe i Padua a, ma laila, hoʻokumu i ka mea e lilo i University hou.

Ma waena o nā haumāna maikaʻi loa o kēia kula he mau helu mākou e like me Nicolás Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Gabriele Falloppio a me Mario Rizzetto. I kēia lā he 60,000 kāna mau haumāna.

6. Kulanui o Napela Federico II, ʻItalia (1224)

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia keʻena e Frederick II ma 1224, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hoʻohui ʻia ka inoa o ka mōʻī a hiki i ka makahiki 1987. Ke Kulanui o Napela ʻo ia ke kulanui o ka honua mua loa ma ka honua a, i kēia lā, he 100,000 kāna mau haumāna.

7. Ke Kulanui o Siena, ʻItalia (1240)

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke Kulanui o Siena ma 1240 a loaʻa iā ia ka hoʻomaikaʻi pope ma 1252. Aia ma waena o kāna mau kumu kaulana loa ʻo Pietro Ispano, ka mea i lilo ma hope ʻo Pope John XXI.

Kaulana nui kēia kula no kāna kula o Law and Medicine, e hoʻokipa ana i kekahi mau haumāna he 20,000 i ka makahiki.

8. Ke Kulanui o Valladolid, Sepania (1241)

Ke Kulanui o Valladolid kekahi o nā ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe i hiki ke loaʻa iā mākou ma Sepania. E like me nā kulanui ʻē aʻe o ʻEulopa, aia kekahi mau kumumanaʻo e pili ana i kona kahua, ʻo ka mea i ʻae nui ʻia ua hoʻokumu ʻia ia ma 1241 a manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka hopena o ka hoʻololi o ka General Study o Palencia. Loaʻa ma kahi o 25,000 nā haumāna.

9. Kulanui o Murcia, Sepania (1272)

ʻOiai ua ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia ua hoʻokumu ʻia ia e Alfonso X i ka makahiki 1272, ʻaʻole maopopo lea. ʻOiai he kulanui haʻahaʻa ʻo ia i kēia manawa, i uhi ʻia e nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe i hoʻokumu ʻia ma hope e like me ke Kulanui o Barcelona, ​​ka Complutense o Madrid a i ʻole ke Kulanui o Valencia. kekahi o nā kūmole moʻomeheu nui loa i ka wā o ka wā waena. Aia ma kahi o 30,000 haumāna.

10. Kulanui o Coimbra, Pokukala (1290)

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke Kulanui o Coimbra e King Dionysius I o Pokukala ma 1290, e loaʻa ana i kēlā makahiki ka hoʻomaikaʻi pope. I 1377 ua lawe ʻia ke kulanui i ke kapikala ʻo Lisbon, kahi i waiho ai a hiki i 1537 i kona manawa i hoʻi ai i Coimbra. Mai ka mahina o Iune 2013 he hanohano ka e manaʻo ʻia he World Heritage Site a, i kēia manawa, aia kekahi mau kānaka 20,000 e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ana ma laila. Hāʻawi ʻia i kona inoa i ka hui Coimbra, kahi hui e hui pū i nā kula ʻoi loa o 38 ma ʻEulopa, me Salamanca.

Nā ʻōlelo kūikawā

E like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo ai, ʻo ka manaʻo o ke "kula nui" he ʻEulopa. I kona mau kumu, ʻo ka Pope o Roma ka mea nāna i hana i ka kuleana e ʻike i ke kula aʻo kula ma ke ʻano he kulanui ma o nā bipi pope nāna i hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻia. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hale pule Katolika ka mea i hoʻoholo e hāʻawi i kahi kekelē i ke kula nui kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kēia ke kumu, ke kamaʻilio paʻa ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana i ka manaʻo medieval komohana o ke kulanui, kahi Islamic, Buddhist a i ʻole kahi kula honua ʻaʻole ia he kulanui no ka mea ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia e ka Pope a ʻaʻole hoʻi he Karistiano.

Akā ʻaʻole kēia ka hihia hou. I kēia lā, ʻo nā kula wale nō i hoʻokumu ʻia me ka ʻae ʻia o ka hale pule Katolika ka poʻe i kapa iā lākou iho he mau kula Katolika. ʻAʻole i loaʻa nā kekelē ʻoi aku ma mua o 20,000 o ke ao holoʻokoʻa i kā lākou kekelē no ka mea ua hoʻoholo pēlā ka Pope, akā no ka mea ua hoʻokō lākou i nā pae hoʻohālikelike like ʻole e lilo i kikowaena kiʻekiʻe no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻike o nā ʻano like ʻole.

Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kahi kulanui ma ke ʻano he kikowaena e kaʻana like ʻia ai nā ʻano ʻike āpau, inā pili paha lākou i ka haipule. Inā mākou e noʻonoʻo a nānā i nā kikowaena i hoʻohana i kēia hana i ka mōʻaukala, ua loaʻa iā mākou nā kula ma waho o ʻEulopa i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ke Kulanui o Bologna. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo ʻo ke kulanui mua i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ʻEulopa ʻo Plato's Academy ia ma Athens, ma kahi o 388 BC, a he nui ka poʻe i manaʻo e lilo i kumu hoʻohālike no nā kula medieval.

Ma hope aʻe e ʻike mākou i ʻehā mau kikowaena hoʻonaʻauao i hiki ke noʻonoʻo pono ʻia he mau kula nui, ma ke ʻano he kikowaena lākou o ke kula kiʻekiʻe.

1. Ke Kulanui o Nalanda, ʻInia (450)

He kula Buddhist ʻo Nalanda University i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 1193, i nalowale 800 mau makahiki ma hope o ka Muslim Turks ma lalo o ke kauoha a Muhammad Bajtiar Jalgi. I kona wā hauʻoli he heluna haumāna kona nui he 10,000 mau haumāna. Ua hoʻokumu hou ʻia ia i ka makahiki 2014 ma kahi pā kula hou aia ma 10 mile ka mamao mai kona wahi mua.

2. Kulanui o Al-Karaouine, Morocco (859)

Al-Karaouine a i ʻole Kulanui ʻo Qarawiyyin ʻo ia paha ke kula nui kahiko loa o ka honua.

Aia ma Fez, Morocco, hoihoi loa ka moʻolelo ma hope o kona hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana, ʻoiai ʻo ia kekahi o nā kula nui liʻiliʻi loa o ka honua i hoʻokumu ʻia e kahi wahine, ʻo Fatima al-Fihri, no ke aʻo maikaʻi a me ka waiwai, ka mea e hoʻokē ʻai nei. 18 mau makahiki ka lōʻihi o ke kūkulu ʻana i kēia kula nui. ʻO ka mea mahalo, ʻaʻole ia i hiki i kēia manawa ke ʻae ʻia nā wahine e kākau inoa i ke kula.

Hoʻokomo ʻia kēia kulanui i UNESCO a ʻike pū ʻia i ka Guinness Book of Records. ʻOiai kēia, ke poʻo inoa o ke "kulanui" ponoʻī i loaʻa i 1963, haʻalele i kona kūlana ma mua ma ke ʻano he madrassa. ʻOkoʻa ʻokoʻa kāna hana mua mai ka mea o kēia manawa, ʻoiai ma kāna kumu i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kahi kikowaena hoʻonaʻauao Islam e like me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai i kēia lā ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i kahi aʻo honua nui aʻe.

3. Al-Azhar University, ʻAigupita (972)

ʻO kekahi kulanui koʻikoʻi i ka honua Islam ʻo Al-Azhar. Aia ma Cairo, kēia kulanui, i kēia manawa ʻo ia ke kula ʻoihana-haipule kahiko loa i ka honua Muslim. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea hanohano loa, keu hoʻi ʻoe e hoʻopaʻa i ka hoʻomana Sunni.

4. Kula Nui ʻo Al-Nizamiyya, ʻIraka (1065)

ʻO ka hope loa iā mākou ke Kulanui ʻo Al-Nizamiyya o Baghdad. Ma mua, he ʻāpana ia o ke kaʻina o nā kula i ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia e Nizam al-Mulk, kahi mokuʻāina Iran, vizier o nā Seljuk sultans. ʻO kāna papa hana kumu i hoʻopuni ʻia i nā haipule haipule Islamic, nā puke ʻAlapia, ke kānāwai Islam, ʻo ia hoʻi, Sharia, a me ka arithmetic. Ma ke ala like i lawelawe ai ke Kulanui o Bologna ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻohālikelike no nā kulanui o ʻEulopa ma hope, ua lawelawe ʻo Al-Nizamiyya no nā kula o ka honua Arab.