ʻO kaʻeha o ka ostracization: ka mea kaua malū o Bully

# 1. He aha ke ʻano o ka Ostracization?

ʻO ka ostracization, a i ʻole ka hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻana o kekahi kanaka e kekahi a i ʻole hui paha, he hana maʻa mau ia o ka poʻe hana hoʻomāinoino ma kahi hana. He mea kaua ʻole ia, paʻakikī e kapa inoa, paʻakikī e kāhea aku, a hōʻino i ke olakino noʻonoʻo a me ka hiki ke hoʻokō i nā koi i ka hana. Ikaika nā manaʻo o ka hōʻole a hoʻomaka koke ʻia, e like me ia i hōʻike ʻia i kahi noiʻi noiʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā Cyberball, kahi pāʻani poepoe i hana ʻia e ke kamepiula kahi i kāpae koke ʻia ai ka pahu hopu mai ka pāʻani ʻana.

ʻO ka pōʻaiapuni ostracization, e like me kā Kipling Williams, he polofesa hanohano o ka Psychology ma ke Kulanui ʻo Purdue a he loea ʻoi loa ma ke kula, ukali i kahi kaʻina ʻekolu pae i kapa ʻia ʻo ka Pono Hoʻoweliweli Kūloko Pono. Hoʻomaka ia me ka pae Reflexive kahi i hoʻoweliweli ʻia ai nā makemake nui o ka pahuhopu o ka noho ʻana, ka hilinaʻi iā ʻoe iho, ka hoʻomalu, a me kahi ʻano kūpono. ʻO ka wā Reflective a coping ka mea aʻe, kahi e nānā ai ka pahuhopu i ka poino a hoʻāʻo paha e hoʻokumu hou i ka pilina ma o ka mālama ʻana i nā loina o ka hui a i ʻole huhū ʻia e ka hoʻomāinoino a ʻimi i ka hoʻopaʻi. Inā hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka hoʻoneʻe ʻia, komo ka māka i ka pae Resignation, kahi i ʻike pinepine ai ʻo ia i nā ʻano kūpono ʻole, manaʻolana ʻole, a me ke kaumaha.

# 2. No ke aha e hoʻohana ai nā Bullies ma kahi hana i ka Ostracization ma ke ʻano he mea kaua?

He paʻakikī e hōʻoia, maʻalahi e hui pū, a weliweli hoʻi i ka hopena, ʻo ka ostracization kahi taktika punahele a nā mea hoʻomake i kahi hana. Wahi a Williams, "ʻo ke kāpae ʻia a i ʻole ka hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻana he ʻano ʻike maka kolohe ʻole ia e haʻalele ʻole i nā ʻūlū, a no laila ke hoʻowahāwahā pinepine nei mākou i kona hopena." Hoʻouka ka hoʻoneʻe kaiāulu i ke ʻano o ka pahuhopu o ka lilo, haki i kāna pūnaewele kaiaulu, a pale i ke kahe o ka ʻike e pono ai no ka hoʻokō pono ʻana i nā papahana a me nā hana. I mea e hoʻonani hou aku ai i ka hana hoʻomāinoino hana, hōʻike ka noiʻi he maʻi lele ka ostracization. ʻIke loa ka makaʻu o ka hoʻowahāwahā ʻia o ka nohona kanaka, ka hapanui o ka poʻe e kū ana e ʻae i ka hana a ka mea hoʻomake, e hōʻoia ana i ko lākou lālā "i loko o ka hui", i kū ʻole i ka hoʻopaʻi kūpono no ka nīnau ʻana i nā loina o ka hui. Ke ʻike ʻia kahi pahuhopu no ke kāpae ʻia, hiki i ka mobbing lehulehu ke ukali, e hoʻonui ana i ka ʻeha a me ke ākea o ka ostracization.

# 3. No ke aha e hōʻeha nui ai ka ʻostracization?

Wahi a Robert Sapolsky, he neuroendocrinologist ma ke Kulanui ʻo Stanford a me ka mea i loaʻa iā ia ka MacArthur Foundation ʻo Genius Grant, he mea ulu ka ʻeha o ka ostracization. He kūlohelohe mākou nā mea. I ka nahelehele, pono i kahi hui e pono no ke ola, a ʻo ka hele hoʻokahi ʻana e waiho iā mākou i ka ʻeha a me ka make. ʻO ka ʻeha o ka ostracization kahi mea hana hoʻomohala e hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā mākou aia mākou i ka weliweli.

ʻ saylelo pinepine nā mea o ka ostracization ua ʻeha ka hoʻoluhi, kahi wehewehe kūpono e like me Eisenberger, Lieberman, a me Williams nona ka noiʻi e hōʻike nei e hoʻoneʻe ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka corsulate anterior dorsal a me nā insula mua, nā wahi like o ka lolo i hoʻomālamalama ʻia ma ke ʻano he hopena. ʻeha kino. Ua manaʻo lākou "like ka ʻeha kaiaulu i kāna hana neurocognitive i ka ʻeha o ke kino, e makaʻala iā mākou ke kākoʻo mākou i ka ʻeha i kā mākou pili kaiaulu, e ʻae ana i nā hana hoʻihoʻi e lawe."

# 4. Pehea e hoʻonui ai ka Ostracization i ka likelike, Stifle Creativity, a me ka haʻalele ʻana i ka Whistleblowing?

Kōkua ka manaʻo o nā limahana a me nā hana i ka moʻomeheu o ka wahi hana e kū nei a hana i nā lula no ka lilo ʻana. Ua ʻike ʻo Parks a me Pōhaku nā moʻomeheu me nā loina koʻikoʻi, ka mea hoʻonāwaliwali i ka poʻe kūʻē, e hoʻokahuli i kekahi manawa i nā poʻe e hana kiʻekiʻe a hana altruistic loa i ka hana. Kuhi lākou i kēlā mau limahana e hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ka pā nui, ʻoi aku i ka hana hana a me nā loina o ka hana, a hana i kekahi mau hoa hana i ka ʻilihuna e pili ana iā lākou iho no ka maikaʻi ʻole o nā puʻukū o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. No ka hoʻokumu hou ʻana i ka lālā o ka hui, koi ʻia ka mea hana kiʻekiʻe e pāʻani i ka liʻiliʻi a haʻalele paha, e hoʻomau ana i kahi moʻomeheu hana a me kekahi manawa ʻona.

ʻO Cialdini (2005), he polofesa ma ke Kulanui o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua ʻike pinepine mākou i ka mana nui o ka ikaika o ka nohona. Ke laha loa ka hana maikaʻi ʻole i loko o kahi hui, e pili ana i ka launa ʻana ʻoihana a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hoʻokele pono, e like paha nā limahana. ʻO wai ka mea e hopohopo nei i ka lilo ʻana i mea kipaku ʻia i ka inoa o ke kamaʻilio kūʻē ʻana i ka pono ʻole. ʻO Kenny (2019), i kāna puke hou Whistleblowing: i kahi teori hou , i paʻi ʻia e Harvard University Press, ua ʻike ʻo nā limahana e mahalo ana i ka hoʻopono a me ke kaulike ma luna o ke kūpaʻa a me ke kūlike e lilo i mea nāna e hōʻike i ka hōʻino a me nā hana hewa i nā kānāwai a me nā loina.

ʻO Whistleblowing, e like me ka hana seminal a Alford, he hopena koʻikoʻi, e like me ka hoʻokaʻawale hoʻopaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka waiho ʻia ʻana mai nā hālāwai, ʻoki ʻia mai ka ʻenehana, a hoʻokaʻawale kino ʻia. ʻOiai hoʻolauleʻa pinepine ʻia kahi whistleblower i ke kaiāulu nui aʻe no kona wiwo ʻole, e hoʻopaʻi ʻia paha kāna koa wiwo ʻole ma ka hana, ʻoiai e pena ka mea hoʻomāinoino iā ia ma ke ʻano he deviant a hana i ka haunaele e pale i nā pilikia āna i kāhea ai. Ua loaʻa ʻo Miceli, Near, Rehg, a me van Scotter i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i nā leo wiwo ʻole e lilo i ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo i nā limahana ʻē aʻe i ʻimi i ka transparency i ka hoʻoholo ʻana a me ka hoʻopono no nā hana hewa. He mea nui ka hopena o ke kaʻawale ma luna o nā whistleblowers, e hoʻoulu ana i ka poʻe olakino ma mua i ke kaumaha, ka hopohopo, ka hiamoe hiamoe, a me ka makaʻu.

# 5. He aha nā mea pono e loaʻa e kōkua ai i nā pahuhopu Cope me ka Ostracization?

Hāʻawi pinepine ka hana i kahi pōʻai o ke kākoʻo kaiaulu e hoʻonui i hala i nā paia o ke keʻena. Ke kipaku kahi wahi hana i kahi pahuhopu a kaomi i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e hui pū me ke kāpae ʻia, e lilo paha ka pahu hopu i wai me nā manaʻo o ka hōʻole. No ka loaʻa hou ʻana o ka wāwae a me ka ʻoluʻolu a me ke kākoʻo, hōʻike ka noiʻi he nui nā wahi e huli ai no ka ʻoluʻolu.

ʻO nā limahana e mālama nei i nā ola piha ma waho o ke keʻena a hānai i nā pilina ma waena o nā hui hoaaloha like ʻole e hana i kahi ʻano buffer e kūʻē i ka hopena o ka ostracization. ʻO nā lālā ʻohana a me nā hui e pili ana i nā hana e like me nā leʻaleʻa, hoʻoikaika kino, a me nā hana haipule e kōkua i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o nā pahuhopu. Ke ʻokiʻoki iā lākou nā pōʻai kaiāulu i ka hana, kā lākou mau ʻoihana waho e kōkua iā lākou e hoʻokō i kā lākou mau pono nui.

Ua ʻike ʻo Molet, Macquet, Lefebvre, a me Williams i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa noʻonoʻo e lilo i kumumanaʻo kūpono no ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka ʻeha o ka ostracization. Ma o nā hanu hanu ʻana, aʻo ʻia nā pahuhopu pehea e nānā ai i kēia manawa ma kahi o ke kau ʻana i nā manaʻo ʻeha o ke kāpae ʻia ma ka hana.

Hōʻike ʻo Derrick, Gabriel, a me Hugenberg i nā mea pani kaiāulu, a i ʻole nā ​​palapala hōʻailona e hāʻawi i kahi psychological ma mua o ka pili kino, hiki ke kōkua i ka hōʻemi i ka ʻeha o ka ostracization. Hāʻule nā ​​kaiāulu kūloko i hoʻokahi o nā ʻāpana ʻekolu. Aia kahi Parasocial, kahi a mākou e hana ai i kahi ala hoʻokahi i ka poʻe a mākou i ʻike ʻole akā e lawe iā mākou i ka hauʻoli, e like me ka nānā ʻana i kahi mea hana punahele i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a leʻaleʻa paha i kahi ʻahamele e kahi mea hoʻokani mele aloha. ʻO ka mea aʻe, aia ka World Social, kahi e ʻike ai mākou i ka pakele a me ka mālie ma ka lawe ʻana i kahi ao ʻē aʻe ma o nā puke a me ke kīwī, e like me, ke waiho nei iā mākou iho ma C.S. Lewis's Narnia. ʻO ka mea hope loa, aia nā mea hoʻomanaʻo o haʻi, kahi e hoʻohana ai mākou i nā kiʻi, nā wikiō home, nā mementos, a me nā leka e hoʻohui i ka poʻe a mākou e aloha ai a me nā poʻe aloha iā mākou.

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea pani kaiāulu e pōmaikaʻi i nā mea i hōʻeha ʻia, e ʻimi nei i ka hōʻoluʻolu mai nā hana a me nā hana maʻamau, ma kahi o ka wehe ʻana iā lākou iho i ka pili o ka pilina kanaka i hiki ke makaʻu iā lākou no ka traumatization hou.

ʻOiai ke kuhi nei kekahi i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā mea pani kaiāulu kahi hōʻailona o ka maladaptation a me ka hemahema o ke kanaka, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi hou e hoʻopili ʻia nā mea pili kaiāulu me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka empathy, ka manaʻo pilikino, a me nā ʻano prosocial o ke olakino olakino ulu kanaka.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu, hōʻeha ka ostracization, pālahalaha, a loaʻa kahi hopena lōʻihi i ka mea i hōʻino ʻia. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā hana hoʻoneʻe e hoʻokūpaʻa i nā loina o nā pūʻulu ʻawahia a hoʻonāwaliwali i nā limahana mai ka ʻōlelo kūʻē i nā hana kuʻuna a me nā hana pono ʻole. ʻO ka Ostracization, ma kāna kumu, holehole i nā kanaka i ko lākou mau pono nui e pono ai, ka hilinaʻi iā ia iho, kaohi, a me ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi ola kūpono. ʻAʻole ʻeha ka hana.

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