ʻO nā politika politika lāhui o Panther ʻEleʻele
ʻIke ʻia ma o nā aniani lāhui, Panther ʻeleʻele he kiʻi ʻoniʻoni nui. Kākau ʻia a alakaʻi ʻia e nā kāne ʻeleʻele, haʻi ia i kahi moʻolelo e pili ana i nā mea ʻeleʻele i kahi ʻāina ʻeleʻele fictional. Ua hōʻole maoli ʻo Hollywood i ka hana ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻo Afrocentric ma ke kumu ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻowalewale i ka lehulehu. Panther ʻeleʻele E hoʻopau mau paha ka holomua o ka pahu-pahu i kēia moʻolelo, e hana ana i nā kūlana no kahi ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻoihana a me kahi ʻano o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni.
Akā he mea hou aku i kēia kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, e pili ana i ka lāhui, ma mua o ke ʻano lāhui o kāna tālena a me kāna hoʻopiʻi box-office. Panther ʻeleʻele hāʻawi pū kekahi i nā ʻōlelo lāhui e pili ana i ko mākou honua ponoʻī.
I kēlā hopena, ma lalo iho he ʻeono mau ikaika lāhui e nānā a wehe ʻia. Hāʻawi ʻia lākou i ka ʻuhane o ka mahalo nui ʻana i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni wiwo ʻole e haʻi wale i kahi moʻolelo hoʻokipa akā lawe i nā pilikia pili kaiaulu a me nā nīnau.
Ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo: nā mea luku i mua.
1. ʻEleʻele ka Panther ʻEleʻele.
ʻĀ, duh! Akā e like me kā Kristen Page-Kirby kuhikuhi ʻana, ʻaʻole ʻo ia he superhero i ʻeleʻele. ʻO kona ʻeleʻele ... e hele i ke kikowaena kikoʻī o kona ʻike ... "ʻAʻohe maoli o ka superhero keʻokeʻo like. ʻAʻole hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia i kēia aupuni (a me ko kēia ao!) Kālaiʻāina lāhui.
No T'Challa, kona ʻeleʻele a me kāna hoʻoilina Wakandan kahi kumu haʻaheo. Hiki i nā mea koa ʻē aʻe ke hōʻike i ka haʻaheo o ke aupuni (hello, Kāpena ʻAmelika), akā he palena palena ʻole ka haʻaheo keʻokeʻo no nā meʻe, e like me nā palena palena ʻole na mākou wale nō, ma ka liʻiliʻi o mākou e mahalo nei i ka ʻāpana o ka moʻomeheu mainstream. ʻO kēia e like me ka mea e pono ai.
No T'Challa, no nā ʻApelika ʻē aʻe, a no ʻAmelika ʻApelika, loaʻa kūpono ka haʻaheo lāhui i ka lanakila ʻana a i ʻole ke ola ʻana i kahi mōʻaukala hoʻokaumaha a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. Hiki i nā kāne keʻokeʻo (a me nā wahine) ke haʻaheo pū kekahi. Ua lanakila ka hapa nui i ka hoʻokaumaha a me nā mea keakea ʻē aʻe, akā pili ka pili ʻole i kā lākou keʻokeʻo, a no laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke pili i ko lākou haʻaheo i ka keʻokeʻo kekahi. ʻIke ʻo T'Challa i kona ʻeleʻele a haʻaheo ʻole ʻo ia iā ia.
2. ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka Marvel Black Panther a me nā hui kuleana kīwila 1960s koʻikoʻi a alakaʻi alakaʻi ... paʻakikī.
ʻO Black Panther i hōʻike mua ʻia ma Fantastic ʻEhā # 52 (Iulai 1966), ʻekolu mau mahina ma mua ka Black Panther Party i hoʻokumu paʻa ʻia. ʻOiai ʻo ka logo ʻeleʻele panther i hoʻohana ʻia e ka Lowndes County Freedom Organization, a me ke kaʻawale World War II Black Panthers Tank Battalion, me he mea lā ʻaʻole he hōʻike e hoʻonāukiuki ʻia ka komik e kekahi. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoiai nā inoa like a me ke kumu pili, ua ʻōlelo ʻo co-mea hana ʻo Stan Lee "ua hoʻoulu ʻia ka inoa e kahi koa huakaʻi pulp i loaʻa kahi ʻaoʻao ʻeleʻele panther." ʻOiai, ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i kahi inoa me kahi pūʻali koa, kipi, hui kaiaulu ka mea kūpono ʻole i kapa ai ʻo Marvel i ka inoa iā Black Leopard ma Fantastic Four # 119 (1972). Ua wehewehe ʻo T'Challa i kāna kumu iā The Thing penei:
"Ke manaʻo nei wau e hoʻi i kou ʻāina, ʻo Ben Grimm, kahi o [ka inoa ʻo Black Panther] i loaʻa - nā ʻano politika. ʻAʻole wau i ʻāhewa a hōʻole hoʻi i ka poʻe i lawe i ka inoa - akā he kānāwai ʻo T'Challa a hiki iā ia iho. No laila, ka inoa hou - kahi kiko liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ʻoiai he pantana ka panther. "
He manawa pōkole ka loli inoa, me ka Panther e hoʻi ana ma lalo o hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope, akā me he mea lā ua loaʻa i ka hui hana o nā makahiki 60 a me nā makahiki mua o 70 i ka loulou i ka pāʻina Panther ʻoi aku ka huhū a me ka hoʻoluhi ma mua o ka hoʻoulu.
No kā lākou ʻāpana, maopopo leʻa wau i nā alakaʻi o ka Black Panther Party e like me Bobby Seale, Eldridge Cleaver, a me Elaine Brown inā e hui pū me T'Challa e hana pū ana me nā mea hana ʻo CIA a me ke aupuni nui o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻae lākou i ka superhero mainstream mua o ka moʻokūʻauhau ʻApelika a ua ʻike paha i kahi kūlike ma luna o kā lākou hopohopo pū me ka maikaʻi a me ka hoʻoholo pono ʻana o ka poʻe ʻeleʻele.
ʻOi aku ka radical o ka Black Panther Party ma mua o ka comic. Pehea ʻaʻole ia? ʻOiai me kahi koa ʻeleʻele, ʻelua keʻokeʻo ʻo Jack Kirby lāua ʻo Stan Lee a ʻo Marvel ke kuhikuhi nui nei i ka lehulehu keokeo, ʻoiai ka Black Panther Party i alakaʻi ʻeleʻele a nānā pono i ka papa ʻeleʻele. Akā ʻo Jamil Smith i kuhikuhi pono i kāna ʻāpana no Manawa , "ʻo ka mea kipi e pili ana iā Black Panther ka mea i kuhi ʻia i ka honua i nele i ka hoʻokalakupua akā kahi i loaʻa i ka poʻe ʻeleʻele ka waiwai, ʻenehana, a me ka pūʻali koa e pae ai ka pāʻani." Me kēlā mau kumuwaiwai i ka lima, ua hoʻohana paha ka Black Panther Party i nā ʻano hana like ʻole.
Wahi a kekahi mau mea kākau, ua like ke akeakamai o T'Challa me kā Martin Luther King, Jr. ʻO kahi laʻana, kākau ʻo NY Post's Sara Stewart "T'Challa, eia naʻe, he pacifist, ka Martin Luther King Jr. iā Killmonger's Malcolm X. " ʻOiai ua hana mua wau i kahi hoʻohālikelike me MLK i ke kūkā kamaʻilio ʻana iā Professor Xavier, i kēia hihia, manaʻo wau ʻaʻole i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻoiai maikaʻi ka manaʻo.
ʻO ka mea mua, ʻoiai ʻo Malcolm X kaʻana like i kā Killmonger hopohopo e pili ana i ka like ʻole o ka ʻeleʻele, i ka manawa i make ʻia ai ʻo ia, ua ʻike ʻo ia nā mea kōkua no ke kumu o ka hoʻokuʻu a me ke kaulike e kū nei ma nā lāhui. ʻO ka lua, ʻaʻole ʻo T'Challa kahi mea pacifist. He ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ia i leʻaleʻa i ka hana ʻino a mālama i ke ola o M'Baku i ke kaua maʻamau. A ke pae ʻo ia i ka hopena make iā Killmonger, ua nui ke kanikau a me ke aloha ma mua o ka hauʻoli. Akā ua ʻae ʻo ia i nā kaua ʻelua a ua mākaukau ʻo ia e hoʻohana i ka hana ʻino ke kau ʻo ia i ka lole Panther e kaua me Claw a me nā pōā ʻē aʻe.
He koa makemake ʻole paha, akā maopopo leʻa he koa ʻo T'Challa, ʻaʻole he pacifist. A ʻoiai maʻalahi ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka Mōʻī e ʻōlelo ana "He ʻohana hoʻokahi mākou," e like me kā T'Challa i hana ai i kāna kamaʻilio ʻana i ka United Nations, ʻaʻole hōʻike ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i kahi kūʻē kūʻē ʻole ʻana, ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka Mōʻī a me kāna poʻe ukali mai ka ʻEleʻele. ʻO Panther Party, Malcolm X, a me Stokely Carmichael, ka mea i ʻae i nā pilikia akā ʻaʻole i nā kumumanaʻo.
ʻAʻohe o kēia e manaʻo ʻia e like me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a i ʻole kāna alakaʻi alakaʻi. ʻO King, e like me ka Black Panther Party, ke hana pū nei hoʻi mai kahi kūlana o ka nāwaliwali, e pili ana i ka mana mana nui. Ma ke ʻano he poʻo o kahi waiwai waiwai, aupuni lāhui, ʻaʻole pono e hilahila ʻo T'Challa i ka poʻe e paʻa ana i ka mana kūkulu e hana i ka mea kūpono. Hiki iā ia ke koho maʻalahi e hana, ʻoiai ʻo ia e kokoke ana i ka hopena o ke kiʻi ke hoʻoholo ʻo ia he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko lāua me Wakanda i ka honua.
I ka hōʻea ʻana i kēia hopena, ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e kau i kona ikehu ʻaʻole ma ka hoʻokahuli ʻana i kona mau ʻenemi akā i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi ʻoihana e kākoʻo maikaʻi i ka poʻe i haʻalele ʻole ʻia. Pākuʻi ʻia kēia i nā ʻōpio ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, akā ua manaʻo ʻia ia i kahi kaiāulu nui o ka honua.
E kākoʻo paha ʻo King i kēlā hoʻolālā honua? Inā loaʻa iā ia nā kumuwaiwai e hana pēlā, manaʻo wau e loaʻa iā ia, akā no laila, manaʻo wau, e loaʻa nā alakaʻi ʻē aʻe kīvila nui ʻē aʻe o nā 1960s. Ma waho o ke kiʻi ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai ʻoi aku ka nui, pili like ʻo T'Challa me lākou āpau.
3. ʻO Klaw kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka mana keʻokeʻo.
ʻAʻole hāʻawi ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻo Black Panther i nā kua o Ulysses Klaw, akā ʻo ia ke keiki a ka lawehala kaua Nazi ʻo Colonel Fritz Klaue, he lālā o ka Blitzkrieg Squad i alakaʻi ʻia e Baron Strucker, kekahi o nā alakaʻi o Hydra. Ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻo Klaue i Wakanda e Adolf Hitler i mea e aʻo ai i nā mea huna a ka lāhui ʻApelika. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke kaua, ua "anglicized ʻo ia i kona inoa iā Klaw a hānai i kāna keiki [Ulysses] me nā kaʻao o Wakanda" [kumu]. Ma hope o ka hele ʻana o ka makahiki, lilo ʻo Ulysses i mea kūʻai lima lima ma ʻApelika Hema a hele aku i Wakanda kahi i hoʻoikaika ai ʻo ia (hoʻokauwā) Wakandans e minamina iā Vibranium. No laila, hōʻike ʻo Klaw (literal) i ka hoʻoilina o ka Nazis a no laila no ka colonialism keʻokeʻo a me ke kiʻekiʻe keʻokeʻo.
E like me ia, ʻo kona kumu nui ka makana. ʻAʻohe ona hoihoi i ka moʻomeheu Wakandan a i ʻole kona poʻe. Makemake ʻo ia e unuhi wale i kāna kumuwaiwai waiwai, ʻo Vibranium, a mākaukau e pepehi i kekahi i kāna ala, e like me ke aliʻi Wakandan, ʻo T'Chaka. Me he mea lā ua make ʻo Klaw i kēia kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, akā ua hōʻoia ke kūpaʻa keʻokeʻo. E ʻike hou kāua iā Klaw, maliʻa paha.
4. CIA agena, Everett K. Ross ma ke ʻano he hōʻike no kēlā me kēia (keʻokeʻo) kāne.
Inā ʻo Klaw ka hiʻohiʻona o ke kiʻekiʻe keʻokeʻo, a laila ʻo Ross ka antithesis hōʻoluʻolu. ʻAʻole wale ʻo ia makemake a mahalo i ke keiki a T'Chaka, ʻo T'Challa (ka Black Panther) akā loaʻa iā ia kāna "pass" ma ke kū ʻana i mua o kahi pōkā e hoʻopakele i kekahi o nā kiaʻi o T'Challa.
ʻOiai ma nā ʻano he nui, hana nui ʻo Ross ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahuli “magic negro” [1] - kahi mea nona ke kumu hoʻokahi e hāpai i ka pono o ke alakaʻi (i kēia hihia, ʻeleʻele) ʻano - he avatar nō hoʻi ia, kahi mea hoʻolohe ma kahi e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o Panther e ʻike ʻia e nā kāne keʻokeʻo manaʻo maikaʻi. a me nā wahine).
I nā huaʻōlelo a ka mea nāna i hana ʻo Ross, ʻo Christopher Priest, "Hana ʻia nā Comics e nā kāne keʻokeʻo no nā kāne keʻokeʻo. Ua manaʻo wau, a manaʻoʻiʻo wau, no Panther ʻeleʻele i mea e kūleʻa ai, pono i kahi kāne keʻokeʻo ma waenakonu, a pono i kēlā kāne keʻokeʻo e hāʻawi i ka leo i nā kuhi hewa a i ʻole nā hopohopo a i ʻole nā manaʻo e pili ana i kēia ʻano. " [kumu]
ʻO ka mea nui, ʻaʻole hiki i ka anti-racist keʻokeʻo kūpono ke noho kānalua i ka ʻeleʻele. Ma ka ʻokoʻa, pono ʻo ia e ʻapo (pili koke) i ka lāhui ʻē aʻe, a, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i kā lākou mau moemoeā ponoʻī, lilo i mau hoa aloha a hoaaloha hoʻi.No laila, me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka mana kūikawā a i ʻole ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka moʻomeheu a me ka moʻomeheu Wakandan, ma ke kī ʻana i nā moku e haʻalele iā Wakanda ma ke kauoha a Killmonger, ua nui ka hana a Ross i ke kōkua ʻana iā T'Challa akā i ka mālama ʻana i nā kuʻuna Wakandan.
Minamina, ua piha ʻo Killmonger i ka huhū e pane pane i kāna nīnau ponoʻī. O ia kūpono huhū i ka hoʻokaumaha a kona poʻe ponoʻī, akā ua komo ʻo ia i loko i ka manaʻo e lilo ka mea i kaʻi aupuni a i ka naʻi aupuni paha. Makemake ʻo ia e hoʻokuʻu i kona poʻe, akā makemake ʻo ia e ʻeha nā poʻe ʻē aʻe (ka poʻe hoʻokaumaha) i ka huli. ʻAʻole ia ka pono a me ke kūʻokoʻa i makemake ai ʻo Killmonger e like me ka mana e hoʻomalu i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.
ʻAʻole kēia kahi hanana maʻamau. Aia kekahi mau haʻawina (e laʻa me, Nansel, Overpeck, Haynie, Ruam, & Scheidt, 2003) e hōʻike nei e ʻoi aku ka makemake o ka poʻe i hoʻokaumaha ʻia e hāpai i nā mea kaua a hana i ka hana ʻino i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. ʻOiaʻiʻo, aia kekahi ʻAmelika ʻAmelika e paʻa i kēlā mau manaʻoʻiʻo, akā ʻo Killmonger ka mea hōʻike wale nō o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. E like me ia, hiki ke heluhelu ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma ke ʻano he hoʻopiʻi ʻaʻole wale no kēia manaʻo kikoʻī akā ʻo nā kāne ʻAmelika ʻApelika ākea ākea. No ka poʻe e hoʻopiʻi hewa nei i ka like ʻole o ka lāhui i kapa ʻia ʻo ka "ʻeleʻele i ka ʻeleʻele" kolohe, ʻaʻole ia he mea nui e ʻike i ka ʻike o kēia kiʻi i loko o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni.
ʻAʻole kēia ka mea a ka poʻe hana kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i manaʻo ai a lana wau ka manaʻo o ka hapa nui o nā mea nānā. ʻO ka kiʻi ʻoniʻoni kahi hoʻopiʻi no Killmonger a me kāna akeakamai akā aloha aku ia i kāna (a me kāna poʻe) ʻeha. ʻAʻole mākou makemake iā Killmonger e hoʻokuʻu i ka mana o Vibranium ma kahi honua kuhi ʻole, akā ʻike mākou i ka pono e hoʻopau i ka hoʻokaumaha a me ka ʻilihune lāhui.
I ka make ʻana o Killmonger i ka hopena o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, aia no ka mea he nui a ʻoluʻolu iki i kona make ʻana. Pono ʻo ia e make no ka mea e make ke akeakamai o ka hoʻopaʻi lāhui, akā ʻike naʻe mākou iā ia (kūpono) ma ke ʻano he mea hōʻeha i nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole hiki iā ia ke kaohi a hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo a pili pū i kona huhū, ʻoiai mākou e hōʻole i kāna ʻike no pehea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i nā mea.
E like me kā Nate Marshall kuhikuhi pono ʻana, ʻo kekahi o nā ikaika o kēia kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻo ia ke "nīnau nui i ke ʻano o ka mana, ke kūʻokoʻa, a me ke kuleana." Ae au. ʻAʻohe oʻu kūʻē i ke ʻano Killmonger. Makemake wale wau ʻaʻole ʻo ia wale nō ke ʻano ʻAmelika ʻAmelika nui i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. Maʻaneʻi, e like me nā wahi āpau, aia nā makaʻi o kahi moʻolelo hoʻokahi.
6. He pilikia ko Wakanda. Nui nā kime Wakanda ma waho a no ke kumu kūpono. Me Wakanda, hōʻike mākou āpau i kahi ʻāina ʻApelika i hōʻike ʻia ʻaʻole wale e kona nani kūlohelohe akā me kāna mau kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe a me nā ʻenehana i hoʻomohala nui ʻia. He mea nui ia, ʻoiai, ua manaʻo nui ʻia nā wahine ʻo Wakandan no ko lākou ikaika a me ko lākou koʻikoʻi, ʻaʻole i kaohi ʻia a hoʻopaʻi ʻia paha. ʻOiaʻiʻo, he alakaʻi kūpono ʻo T'Challa e hoʻopuni ʻia e nā koa a me nā kākāʻōlelo mākaukau. Nui nā mea makemake.
I ka manawa like, ke Wakanda ʻike mākou i ka mua Panther ʻeleʻele kiʻiʻoniʻoni kona mau pilikia. No kahi lāhui holomua i manaʻo ʻia, ua hoʻokau nui ʻo Wakandas i ka ʻenehana pūʻali koa a ua koho lākou e hoʻopaʻa i kahi mōʻī aliʻi wale nō akā i kahi hakakā maʻamau i hiki (a hopena) i ka hoʻololi a me ka weliweli o ka hoʻololi.
He pilikia pū kekahi ʻo Wakanda he ʻōiwi āpau loa e pono maoli i kahi mana e loaʻa ke komo. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ke hoʻoholo nei e pono ʻo Wakanda e lilo i mea liʻiliʻi loa kahi ʻāpana o ka loli a T'Challa, akā ʻo Wakanda "ʻelemakule" - kahi mea a mākou e ʻike nei ma loko o ka hapa nui o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, me he mea lā ua hoʻopukapuka ʻia i kāna maʻemaʻe lāhui ponoʻī. E noʻonoʻo i kahi aupuni aupuni keʻokeʻo homogeneous e hōʻailona i kona mau kamaʻāina a hoʻopaʻa i ke komo ʻana i kāna poʻe ponoʻī. He kūpono ʻole ia a no laila ʻaʻole hoʻohālikelike kūpono ʻole [2] , akā mau ka manaʻo, ʻoiai ʻo ka noho ʻana o kekahi ʻohana Wakandan me kahi kaʻawale me ke kiʻi iki ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai a me nā ʻenehana nui a Wakanda.
Eia kekahi, ʻike ʻia he mana paʻa ka mōʻī. ʻAʻohe (ʻike ʻia) ke kaʻina demokalaka, ʻaʻohe māka a me nā kaulike, ʻaʻohe pale no nā kamaʻāina Wakandan. Me T'Challa ma ka noho aliʻi, ʻaʻohe mea e hopohopo ai, akā kūkulu ʻia nā hui ikaika e hiki ai iā lākou ke ola i nā hemahema o kēlā me kēia kanaka a me nā hoʻololi paʻakikī. ʻAʻole maopopo iki i hiki iā Wakanda ke hiki. Malia paha e hoʻonohonoho pono ʻo T'Challa i nā mea āpau (aia nā pono i ka mana loa). I kēia manawa, e like me ke koena o ka honua, loaʻa iā Wakanda ka ʻāpana o nā pilikia kūloko.
Nā hopena hope:
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