Nā Haʻawina Twin a me ka "Heritage of Corpulence"

"He aha ke ʻano o ke kahawai interminable o nā māhoe kāne like ʻewalu makahiki e ninini ʻia ana i loko o ka lumi. ʻO Twin ma hope o ka māhoe ... ko lākou alo, ko lākou alo alo no hoʻokahi wale nō ma waena o ka nui o lākou ... (p. 172) "... e like me nā ʻīlio i pūlehu lākou ..." (p. 178) kākau ʻo Aldous Huxley ma Honua Honua . (1932) Eia ke "kumu hana o ka hana nuipaa i ka hope loa i pili i ka biology:" (p.9) ka hana ʻia ʻana o nā māhoe like, (a "ʻaʻole nā ​​piddling ʻelua a me ʻekolu e like me nā lā viviparous kahiko") (p. 8) akā he "hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻana i ka kūlohelohe" (p. 8) kūpaʻa pili kaiaulu.

ʻO nā kiʻi o Honua Honua weliweli a pale aku hoʻi, akā ua pīhoihoi nā māhoe i ka poʻe ma ka mōʻaukala. Aia nā māhoe ikona o ka kaʻao Roma, ʻo Romulus lāua ʻo Remus, i hānai ʻia e ka ʻīlio wahine, a ʻo Romulus ka mea i hele aku e ʻike iā Roma kahiko. A aia kekahi mau kaikaina māhoe ʻokoʻa i ʻike ʻia ʻo Iakoba lāua ʻo ʻEsau i loko o ka puke o Genesis: ʻo ʻEsau, "ua puka mai ka mua i ʻulaʻula a pau, e like me ke kapa huluhulu." (Kin 25: 25) "Aia hoʻi, ʻo ʻEsau koʻu kaikuaʻana, he kanaka huluhulu, a he kanaka paheʻe wau." (Kin 27:27) E lawe i ka Pew, na Alan Bennett, mai Mele Kalikimaka: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOsYN---eGk.) A ma Shakespeare's ʻO ka pō ʻumikūmālua , pili like nā māhoe ʻo Viola lāua ʻo Sebastian i kekahi i kekahi, ua wehewehe ʻia lāua he "hoʻokahi helehelena, hoʻokahi leo, hoʻokahi maʻamau a ʻelua mau kānaka. ʻO kahi kuanaʻike kūlohelohe, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole ia," wahi a ke Duke. A ʻōlelo hou ʻo Antonio, "Pehea ʻoe i hoʻokaʻawale ai iā ʻoe iho? ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka māhoe o ka ʻāpala i ʻelua ma mua o kēia mau mea ʻelua." (Hana V, Nānā 1)

ʻOiai paʻakikī ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Viola a me Sebastian mai kekahi i kekahi, ʻo lāua he mau māhoe kāne a wahine paha, a i ʻole dizygotic (DZ) māhoe a kū aʻe i ka utero mai ka hoʻoulu like ʻana o nā hua ʻelua e nā sperm ʻelua. Kaʻana like lākou, e like me nā kaikaina ʻē aʻe i kahi ʻohana, 50% wale nō o kā lākou DNA. Kū mai nā māhoe like a monozygotic (MZ) mai ka mahele o kahi embryo hoʻokahi a kaʻana like i ka 100% o kā lākou DNA a no laila he mau kāne like. ʻO ka hoʻoholo diagnostical e hoʻokumu i ka zygosity ka hana mua i ka loiloi o nā māhoe a hana ʻia e ke nānā ʻana i ke kala o ka lauoho, nā maka, ke ʻano o nā pepeiao, ka waha, nā niho, a me nā ʻano kino ʻē aʻe, e like me nā manamana lima, a me nā loiloi antigen pūʻulu koko sophisticated. . (ʻO Börjeson, ʻO Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica , 1976)

ʻO ka manaʻo e hoʻohana i nā māhoe ma ka noiʻi ʻana pinepine ʻia iā Sir Francis Galton, ka hoahānau o Charles Darwin, i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19. Ua paʻi ʻo Galton i ʻelua mau puke, e like me Ka Moolelo o na Mahoe a ua hoihoi i ka hoʻokaʻawale "ma waena o nā hopena o nā hana i loaʻa i ka wā hānau a me nā mea i hoʻokau ʻia e nā kūlana kūikawā o ke ola," ʻo ia hoʻi, ma waena o ke kūlohelohe a me ka hānai. (e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma Gedda, Māhoe ma ka Mōʻaukala a me ka ʻEpekema , 1961, pp. 24-25) Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻo Galton i nā māhoe fraternal a me nā māhoe like "no laila ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke noʻonoʻo ʻia he mea hana i ka hana māhoe." (Teo a me Ball, Mōʻaukala o ka ʻepekema kanaka , 2009)

Ua ukali nā mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe akā aia kahi ʻaoʻao ʻeleʻele i ka noiʻi māhoe ʻana i nā makahiki mua a me ka waena o ke kenekulia 20, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia i ka hana a von Verschuer, ʻo ia ke kumu aʻo o Josef Mengele, i kaulana no kāna mau māhoe ʻelua ma Auschwitz i ka wā o World. Kaua II. ʻOiai ʻo von Verschuer, ka mea ʻepekema kaulana loa, he Nazi a anti-Semite virulent ia i hoʻohana i kāna mau māhoe ʻelua e holomua i kāna politika politika lāhui hoʻokae. (Müller-Hill, Mōʻaukala a me akeakamai o nā ʻepekema Ola , 1999) Ua hōʻike ʻia, ua hoʻouna ʻo Mengele i nā laʻana o nā maka a me nā hāpana koko mai nā māhoe 200 ma kahi āna i alakaʻi ai i ka noiʻi kanaka unethical, iā von Verschuer no ke kālailai. ʻO 10% wale nō o kēlā mau māhoe i pakele i ka hoʻokolohua kanaka a Mengele. (Müller-Hill, 1999) No ke kūkākūkā ʻana no ka kekeʻe o ka ʻepekema na von Verschuer lāua ʻo Mengele a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻokō ʻana e "hoʻonoho i nā pono maikaʻi o ka mea maʻi ma mua o nā kauka," e ʻike iā Coller, Ka Nūpepa o ka noiʻi hoʻokolokolo , 2006, ka mea e hoʻokūpaʻa nei aia ʻehā mau "kumu nui o ka humanism lapaʻau: waiwai a hemolele paha o kēlā me kēia ola kanaka; mahalo i ka hanohano kanaka, hoʻolauleʻa o ka lāhui kanaka, a me ka mahalo nui i ka paʻakikī o ke kūlana kanaka." (Coller, 2006) A no ke kūkā kamaʻilio ʻana no nā hana i haʻalele ʻia a me "mōʻaukala revisionist" o ka noiʻi māhoe i loaʻa i kekahi mau puke aʻo, e ʻike iā Teo a me Ball, 2009.

ʻO nā kānaka noiʻi ma kahi o ka makahiki 20, me von Verschuer, ua hoʻomaka e noʻonoʻo i ka hana o nā genetics kikoʻī i ke kahua o ka momona. ʻO Kauka George A. Bray, i kāna puke akeakamai, Ke Kaua o ka ʻōhū (2007), ua ʻimi i ka moʻaukala o ka noiʻi momona a paʻi hou ʻana i nā pepa kumu na Davenport (pp. 474 ff) (1923), a me von Verschuer (pp. 492 ff) (1927.) ʻO Davenport, nāna i hoʻohana ka lakene a mākou ʻike e like me ka helu nui o ke kino (BMI), ʻo ia ka mea mua e hoʻopaʻa i ka pilina o nā genetics a me ke kaiapuni i ka momona a nīnau aku, "Pehea ka lōʻihi o kēia ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke kūkulu ʻana ma waena o nā kānaka luhi a kino hoʻi e pili ana i nā kumu kumukānāwai?" (ʻaoʻao 474) Na Dr. Bray (nāna i hōʻaiʻē iā ia mai mentor Edwin B. Astwood) (p. 148) ua lawe wau i koʻu poʻo inoa Ka Hoʻoilina o Corpulence .

Ua ukali ʻia nā noiʻi māhoe nui, e like me ka mea noiʻi Suedena ʻo Börjeson (1976), ka mea nāna i kālailai i ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻoilina a me ke kaiapuni ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa pālua i loko o nā māhoe MZ a me DZ, a me nā kiʻi o nā māhoe i hōʻike ʻia ma aneʻi. Eia hou, ua hoʻolālā ka mea noiʻi Kanada ʻo Claude Bouchard a me nā hoa hana i kā lākou mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "Quebec Overfeeding Study" lōʻihi loa, "kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai he 12 mau pālua o ke kaulike kaulike kaulike kaulike nā kāne i noho ma lalo o nā kūlana i mālama ʻia no 120 mau lā ma kahi keʻena maʻi. 1000 mau calorie hou aku i kēlā me kēia lā no ʻeono lā o ka pule no 84 o ia mau lā. (Bouchard et al, Ka Nūpepa Lapaʻau ʻo New England , 1990; ʻO Redden lāua ʻo Allison, Nā hōʻike manaʻo nui , 2004; ʻO Bouchard, Ka Nupepa ʻAmelika o ka Nutrical Clinical , 2009; ʻO Bouchard et al, Ka Nūpepa ʻOihana Nui , 2014; ) ʻO ka nui o ke kaumaha o 8.1 kg akā mai ka 4.3 a 13.3 kg. ʻO ka mea kupaianaha, ʻo ka hānai nui ʻana i alakaʻi ʻia i ke kaupaona o ke kino like a me ka pākēneka o ka loaʻa momona ma waena o kēlā me kēia māhoe māhoe ʻelua MZ, akā aia ʻekolu mau manawa i ʻoi aku ka like ʻole ma waena o nā hui like ʻole ma waena o nā pālua. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ka nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka nui like o ka nui o ka lawe ʻana o ka meaʻai a me ka hoʻoikaika kino ʻana i hana i nā pane like ʻole e pili ana i ka nui o ke kino, ka hoʻohui ʻana o ke kino, a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka momona o ka ʻāina i nā māhoe ʻokoʻa genetically. Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻo Bouchard ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka hopena o nā pilina o ke kaona, pono e ʻimi nā mea noiʻi e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka hemahema a ʻo kahi ala e pale ai i ka hemahema ma ke ana maoli ʻana i ke kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaumaha ma mua o ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā hōʻike ponoʻī i maʻa mau i nā noiʻi he nui. . (Bouchard, Momona, Hoʻohui, 2008.) Eia hou, ua wehewehe ʻo Bouchard ʻo "ka loli ʻana o ke kanaka," me kahi "determinism biology" i kekahi e maʻalahi i ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kaupaona a i ʻole ke kaupaona ʻana, "he prerequisite paʻa loa" i ka ʻimi ʻana no ka launa pū ʻana o ka nohona a me no ka ʻike maopopo ʻana i nā gen kikoʻī. (Bouchard, 2008)

I loko o nā makahiki, he nui ka poʻe i hana i nā mea i kapa ʻia māhoe helu inoa o nā māhoe he mau kaukani MZ a me DZ, me nā mea ma Nolewai, Kuekene, a me Pinilana, a ma ka US, (e like me National Academy of Science-National Research Council (NAS-NRC) Twin Registry; Minnesota Registry, and Vietnam-Era Twin Registry .) ʻO ka mea noiʻi momona kaulana ʻo Albert (Mickey) Stunkard, no ka laʻana, hoʻohana i nā registries māhoe ʻo Suedena a me Denemaka no kekahi o kāna aʻo ʻana. (Jou, NEJM , 2014) Stunkard et al ( JAMA , 1986) ua hoʻohana pū kekahi i ke kākau inoa NAS-NRC e loiloi ma luna o nā māhoe ʻo 1900 MZ a ma luna o nā māhoe 2000 DZ e loiloi i nā haʻawina genetical i ke kiʻekiʻe, ke kaupaona, a me ka BMI i kahi manawa lōʻihi (25 mau makahiki) ke aʻo ʻana me ka hopena. "Aia ka momona o ke kanaka ma lalo o ka ikaika o ka genetic." Eia naʻe, ʻae nā mea noiʻi, hiki i nā kuhi o ka heritability ke lilo i ka hoʻopiʻi, me nā mea ʻelua a me nā overestimates ma muli o ka laʻana, ma waena o nā kumuwaiwai o ka bias, i nā hewa i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka zygosity a i ʻole ka male assortative (kahi e male ai nā kāne. he hoa hana like like.) Heymsfield a me nā hoapili (Allison et al, Nā Genetics Hana , 1996) ua koʻikoʻi pū kekahi ʻo "nā māhoe māhoe maʻamau" no ka momona ʻaʻole hoʻokomo pū i ka ʻikepili e like me ke kaupaona ʻana o nā kāne a me ka male ʻana o assortative (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka male ʻole ʻana) hiki i nā helu o ka heritability.

I kā lākou papa māhoe maʻamau, Stunkard et al ( NEJM, 1990) loiloi 'ia he 93 pālua mau māhoe like i hānai' ia ('o kekahi o nā mana kūpono e hoʻoholo ai i nā mea nui o nā gen genes mai kahi o kahi kaʻa like); 154 pālua nā māhoe like i hānai like ʻia; 218 pālua o nā māhoe fraternal i hānai ʻia a kaʻawale, a 208 paʻa o nā māhoe fraternal i hānai like ʻia, a ʻo lākou a pau mai ke keʻena Suetena mai i hui pū me nā haʻawina māhoe me nā hoʻopaʻa ʻnaʻā. Loiloi ʻia nā māhoe i ko lākou 50 mau makahiki, me 60% mau wahine. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻomaopopo nā kānaka noiʻi, ʻoiai ke hānai ʻia nā māhoe, hiki ke ʻano like kekahi i kekahi inā like ko lākou mau wahi hānai (e laʻa inā kau ʻia nā māhoe i "selectively" i loko o nā hale e ʻano like me ko lākou mau mākua ola.) ʻO kēlā mau māhoe i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ko lākou mau mākua ola, aneane ka hapalua o nā māhoe i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka makahiki mua o ke ola, ma muli o ka make, maʻi, a me nā pilikia kālā i ka ʻohana hānau. Ua loaʻa ʻo Stunkard et al i mau hōʻike ikaika no ka mana o ka hoʻoilina ma BMI, a ua ʻike lākou e hoʻonui ʻia nā mana genetika ma nā papa kaupaona āpau, ʻo ia hoʻi, mai kēlā mau lahilahi a hiki i kēlā mau momona. Hoʻomaopopo pū lākou i nā māhoe like i hānai ʻia he mau koena pono pilina o intra-pair o 0.70 no nā kāne a me 0.66 no nā wahine no BMI a ua hoʻopau ʻia i loko o kēia noi ʻana he liʻiliʻi a ʻaʻohe paha ka mana o nā wahi kamaliʻi. Mālama nō lākou, eia naʻe, "heritability does not implie a invariant, immutable genetic influence," akā ma mua o nā hopena genetical ma lalo o kekahi mau ʻano kaiapuni. (Stunkard et al, 1990) Ma kēlā mau laina, Allison, Heymsfield a me nā hoapili (Faith et al, Ka Nūpepa International o ka nui, 2012) ua koʻikoʻi ka manaʻo nui o ka pōʻaiapili o ke ana ʻana kahi i loaʻa ai nā ʻano kaiapuni i loko o ka hoʻolālā o kahi noiʻi (e like me ka heluhelu ʻana i nā māhoe i kā lākou wā e ʻai ai) hiki ke hoʻopili i nā hopena.

I nā makahiki i hala, ua hoʻohana ʻo Allison, Heymsfield a me kā lākou mau hoapili i ka hoʻolālā māhoe maʻamau e loiloi i ka pilina o ka mea i kapa ʻia kuhikuhipuʻuone i ke kaiapuni, me ka wā intra-uterine (Allison et al, Ka Nūpepa'Āiwi o ka momona a me nā maʻi Metabolic e pili ana , 1995.) Ua hoʻohana pū lākou i kēia k modelkohu e hoʻopaʻa i ka papa kuhikuhi kino a me ke kaomi koko (Allison et al, Ka NupepaʻAmelika o nā Genetics Lapaʻau, 1995); kino papa kuhikuhi kino ma kahi keiki māhoe pediatric (Faith a me al, Pediatrics, 1999); ka ʻai caloric (Faith et al, Nā Genetics Hana, 1999); a me ka ʻai hoʻomalu ʻana iā ʻoe iho (Faith et al, Ka Nūpepa ʻOihana Nui , Ladana , 2012)

Laina lalo : Ua ulu mai nā haʻawina māhoe mai ka manawa o Sir Francis Galton, nāna i ʻōlelo ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā māhoe e hoʻokaʻawale i nā hopena o ke kūlohelohe i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19. Ua hoʻohana hewa ʻia lākou e nā mea noiʻi, e like me ka Nazis i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II. ʻO ka mōʻaukala, ʻo ka noiʻi nui nui no ka papa o ka momona i hele mai mai Dr. ʻO Claude Bouchard et al, ka mea i loiloi i nā māhoe like (monozygote) ma lalo o nā kūlana inpatient i mālama ʻia i loko o ka noiʻi Quebec overfeeding, a mai Mickey Stunkard et al, ka mea i loiloi i nā māhoe ʻelua a monozygotic a me dizygotic i hoʻokaʻawale i nā kaiapuni mai nā hopena kūlohelohe. kāhea ʻia hoʻolālā māhoe maʻamau.

E ʻoluʻolu: ʻO kēia kahi ʻāpana o kahi blog ʻelua ʻāpana e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā māhoe i ka noiʻi ʻana i ka momona. E ʻimi piha ana ka ʻāpana II i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka hoʻolālā co-māhoe kahi e kūlike ʻole ai kekahi māhoe like no kahi ʻano i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kekahi. No ka mahalo nui i ka poʻe i kōkua i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā blog I a me II, e ʻike i ka blog II.