Nā Hoʻokolohua Manaʻo Manaʻo Aupuni ʻAmelika

ʻO ka papahana MKULTRA ʻo ia ka Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) polokalamu kaohi naʻau i hoʻohana i nā ʻenehana LSD a me hypnosis e lolo i ka poʻe. ʻO Theodore Kaczynski, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Unabomber, he mea i komo i loko o kekahi o nā hoʻokolohua a Henry Murray ma Harvard kahi o ka hui a Murray i hoʻomāinoino ai, hoʻomāinoino ʻia, a wāwahi hoʻi i nā mea komo psychologically. Ua hana mua ʻo Henry Murray no ka mea ma mua o CIA a ua kālā ʻia paha e ka papahana MKULTRA clandestine.

He Moolelo o na Kumuhana Ethic

Ua loaʻa i ka ʻepekema kahi ʻāpana o nā haʻihaʻi kūlohelohe, pinepine me nā heluna kanaka i maʻalahi i ka hana (Davis, 2006). Mai ka 1932-1972, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻo Tuskegee Syphilis hoʻopaʻa i nā kāne ʻeleʻele no ka hoʻopaʻa haʻawina syphilis (Amdur, 2011). Ua hele a maʻi nā keiki i loko o nā haukapila noʻonoʻo me ka maʻi hepatitis (Willowbrook Hepatitis haʻawina o nā 1950s), i hōʻike ʻia i nā mea radioactive (Davis, 2006), a ʻo nā mea maʻi me nā ʻōnaehana pale pale i hoʻowalewale ʻia i nā pūnaʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi. , Amdur, 2011). ʻO ka hopena i nā hanana o kēia ʻano i alakaʻi ʻia i ka ʻōnaehana Board Review Board o kēia manawa, e pili ana i nā kumumanaʻo o ka 1974 Belmont Report (Amdur & Bankert, 2011; Bankert & Amdur, 2006).

ʻO kā Ke Aupuni ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ʻ Secretlelo Huli ʻIke

Ua hana ʻo CIA i nā hōʻike o nā kemika i hoʻohana ʻia no ka nīnauele ʻana a me ka holoi ʻana i ka lolo i ka Soviet Union a me ka Repubalika Kina o Kina i nā 1940 a me 1950. I ka pane ʻana i kēia hoʻoweliweli palekana lāhui, ua hoʻomohala lākou i kahi papa o nā papahana e like me ka MKULTRA (Kōmike Koho no ka ʻIke a me ke Kōmike no nā Kumuwaiwai kanaka, 1977). Mai ka 1953-1964, ua alakaʻi ke aupuni o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka noiʻi hoʻololi hoʻololi i ka poʻe a lākou i hoʻāʻo ai, i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ka pono o ka hypnosis a me ka LSD no ka hana clandestine. (Pūnaewele CBS, 1984; CIA, 1977; Kōmike wae no ka ʻike naʻau a me ke kōmike no nā kumuwaiwai kanaka, 1977).

Hypnosis kahi hana e nānā pono ai, pili i ka ʻike e pili ana i kahi pae hoʻokomo a me kahi pae manaʻo (Kassin, 2004). I ke kahua hoʻokomo, e lilo ka manaʻo o ke kanaka i hyperfocused. I ka paepae manaʻo, hāmama ke kanaka i nā manaʻo i hana ʻia e ka hypnotist. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hypnosis i kekahi manawa e mālama i nā phobias, stress, a me nā ʻeha (Zimbardo, Johnson, & Weber, 2006). Hōʻike nā hōʻike i ka poʻe hypnotized ʻaʻole e mālama i nā ʻōlelo kūʻē i ko lākou makemake (Wade & Tavris, 2000).

ʻOkoʻa ka poʻe i kā lākou maʻalahi i ka hypnosis (Kirsch & Braffman, 2001). Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻo Solomon Asch i ka pōʻaiapili mōʻaukala o ka hypnosis me ke kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka hoihoi i ka hypnosis i lilo i kumu no ka noiʻi empirical psychology e pili ana i ka manaʻo nui (Asch, 1952). Ua hoʻohana ka CIA's PROJECT ARTICHOKE i ka sodium pentothal a me ka hypnosis i nā mea komo e ʻimi i nā ʻano ninaninau hou aʻe (Kōmike wae e hoʻopaʻa i nā hana aupuni me ka mahalo i nā hana naʻauao, United States Senate, 1976).

ʻO ka papahana MKULTRA CIA o 162 mau hana i kākoʻo ʻia e CIA i kākoʻo ʻia ma 80 ʻoihana me 185 poʻe noiʻi (Eschner, 2017). ʻO ka hapa nui o nā moʻolelo o ka papahana i hoʻopau ʻia ma ke kauoha a ka Luna Hoʻokele CIA ʻo Richard Helms i ka makahiki 1973, akā ua loaʻa kekahi o nā mea i hala ʻole i ka luku ʻia i ka makahiki 1977 (Komite Wae no ka ʻIke a me ke Kōmike no nā Kumuwaiwai kanaka, 1977). Ua holo ʻo CIA Chemist ʻo Sidney Gottleib i ka papahana MKULTRA (Gross, 2019). Ua alakaʻi kikoʻī ʻia ka papahana e loaʻa kahi ala i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e kālā i ka noiʻi lawena e pili ana i ka holoi ʻana i ka lolo me ka ʻole o ka nānā ʻana i ka lehulehu a i ʻole nā ​​nīnau kūpono mai ka kaiāulu ʻepekema nui. Nānā nā noiʻi i ka holoi ʻana i ka lolo a me nā nīnauele a hoʻokomo i nā noi kahua ma hope o ka noiʻi ʻana o ka hale hana.

Pehea kekahi o kēia mau aʻo ʻana? ʻO kahi kumuhana he nui ka hapa o ka ʻae ʻole a me ka nānā pono kūpono kūpono. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Ewen Cameron e holoi i nā mea hoʻomanaʻo e nā hana electro-shock pinepine, e koi ana i nā mahina o ka hiamoe i hoʻokomo ʻia e ka lāʻau, a lawelawe pinepine i ka LSD i kāna poʻe maʻi ma Montreal (Kassam, 2018). ʻO ka lāʻau i ʻike pinepine ʻia LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) , kahi agonist serotonin e hana i nā ʻike ʻike hewa (Carlson, 2010). Ua hele mai ka hapa nui o kēia mau maʻi i ka haukapila e mālama ʻia no ke kaumaha haʻahaʻa a ma kahi o nā mahina o ka hana weliweli.

Ma ke ʻāpana o ka papahana MKULTRA, ua hoʻolimalima kahi Agent CIA i nā wahine hoʻokamakama e paheʻe i ka LSD i loko o nā mea inu a ka poʻe a hoʻomaopopo i ka mea i hana ʻia ma o ke aniani ʻelua ala (Zetter, 2010). I 1953, ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Kauka Frank Olson iā LSD e nā ʻākena CIA me ka ʻike ʻole a ua make ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kōmike (Kōmike wae no ka ʻike naʻau a me ke kōmike no nā kumuwaiwai kanaka, 1977). Ua lawelawe ʻo CIA Agents iā LSD i nā kamaʻāina ʻē aʻe a lākou i hui ai ma nā kaola lāʻau a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe. Ua kono aku nā ʻākena i nā kamaʻāina e "safehouse" ma Kapalakiko a me New York City kahi i mālama ʻia ai nā lāʻau me ka ʻae ʻole.

ʻO nā paʻahao, nā mea maʻi maʻi maʻi ʻaʻā, a me nā koa ʻAmelika i hoʻohana ʻia no kekahi o nā aʻo ʻana, a ua ʻimi kekahi mau noiʻi noi ʻia e hana i nā concussion o ka lolo me nā nalu kani. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka noiʻi i hoʻokumu i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi "serum ʻoiaʻiʻo" e kōkua ai i ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi nīnau (Select Committee on Intelligence and Committee on Human Resources, 1977).

Ua hoʻolako kālā ka National Institute of Mental Health i kekahi o nā noiʻi i mālama ʻia i nā paʻahao i hoʻohana ʻia i ka lāʻau. Ua lawelawe ʻia ʻo LSD ma mua o 1,100 mau koa i ka pūʻali koa US. (Koho kōmike no ka ʻike naʻau a me ke kōmike no nā kumuwaiwai kanaka, 1977.) Wahi a ke Kōmike Koho a ka Senate o ke Aupuni ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e aʻo ai i nā hana aupuni me ka mahalo i nā hana naʻauao (1976), i nā hoʻāʻo e hoʻohana nei i ka ʻike ʻole, nā kumuhana kanaka manawaleʻa ʻole. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau hoʻokolohua e hoʻoholo ai i nā hopena o ka kemika a i ʻole nā ​​mea olaola i ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia me ka hana kūʻē i nā poʻe ʻike ʻole ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi lāʻau ”(p. 385).

Harvard's Unabomber

Ua alakaʻi ʻia e Henry A. Murray kekahi noiʻi ethical problematic. He polofesa ʻo Murray ma ke Kulanui ʻo Harvard a ua hana ʻo ia no ka Office of Strategic Services (ka mua o ka CIA) i ke Kaua Honua II. Ua kākau ʻo ia iā "Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler," ʻo ia ka loiloi psychological o Hitler i hoʻohana ʻia e ka pūʻali koa. I loko o kēia manawa, ua kōkua ʻo ia e hoʻomohala i nā hoʻāʻo e nānā i nā koa, alakaʻi i nā hoʻokolohua no ka holoi ʻana i ka lolo, a hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o ka hiki i nā koa ke kū i nā nīnau. ʻO nā noiʻi ninaninau ʻia me nā nīnau hoʻomakeʻaka nui i nā koa ma ke ʻano he helu o ka helu ʻana i nā palena o kā lākou mau wahi haʻihaʻi psychological (Chase, 2000). Mai 1959-1962, ua alakaʻi ʻo Murray i nā ʻano nīnau ninaninau ma nā haumāna lae pua o Harvard (Chase, 2000). ʻO Theodore Kaczynski, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo The Unabomber, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea i komo 22 i loko o kā Murray hoʻopaʻa haʻawina, i hoʻolilo ʻia i mau makahiki o nā nīnauele no ka psychologically haki i ke kanaka ʻōpio.

Panina hopena

ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha no kā Richard Condon puke 1959, ʻO ka moho Manchurian, hopu nui i ka nānā i ka hopena o ka huelo o ka polokalamu MKULTRA.ʻO ke kahe o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻē aʻe ma hope koke iho o ka lohe ʻana o ka Senate 1977 i ka makaʻu o ka lehulehu i ka hana hoʻomāinoino kino aupuni (e laʻa me. ʻO ka mea huna o NIMH i ka 1982 a Pāhana X i 1987). Loaʻa nā makaʻu lingering o ka hana hypnotic i nā huapalapala e like me ka Screenslaver ma Nā Incredibles 2 mai 2018. He hopena maikaʻi ʻole kahi hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka ʻike lehulehu o ka ʻepekema.