ʻO wai ka Genius mua maoli o ka Psychology?

Eia kahi ho'āʻo hoʻokahi mea: "Na wai i hoʻokumu i ka ʻepekema o ka noʻonoʻo?"

ʻO "William James" kahi pane kūpono e hiki ai ke kākau i ka puke aʻo psychology mua, Nā Manaʻo o ka Psychology, i ka 1890.

E loaʻa ʻoe i kekahi mau helu hou aʻe no ka pane ʻana iā “Wilhelm Wundt.” ʻOiai, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Wundt i ke keʻena hoʻokolohua mua ma 1879, ma ke Kulanui o Leipzig, a ua hoʻoikaika ʻia ʻo William James e aʻo i ka psychology ke heluhelu ʻo ia i kekahi o nā pepa a Wundt i ka makahiki 1868, iā lākou e kipa aku ai i Kelemania.

Akā ʻo Wundt iā ia iho i hoʻomaka i kāna ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he lab keʻena hana i ke kāne aʻu e koho ai ma ke ʻano he loea maoli o ka psychology: Hermann Helmholtz.

Ua hāʻawi ʻo Helmholtz ma kahi o ʻelua mau kōkua nui i ka psychology o kēia manawa:

1. ʻO ia ka mea mua e ana i ka wikiwiki o kahi neural impulse. (I ka hana ʻana pēlā, ua hoʻokahuli loa ʻo Helmholtz i ka kuhi mua e like me ka wikiwiki o nā hōʻailona ʻōniʻoniʻo, ke hele nei me ka wikiwiki palena ʻole.)

2. Ua hoʻoholomua ʻo ia i ka kumumanaʻo trichromatic o ka hihi kala , ke kuhi nei me ka manaʻo he ʻekolu mau ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā waihoʻoluʻu waihoʻoluʻu i ka maka, i pane pololei i ka polū, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a me ka ʻulaʻula (kahi manaʻo i ʻike ʻia he kenekulia ma hope). Ua kūʻē kēia kumumanaʻo i ka manaʻo, i kaulana wale i kekahi mau makahiki ma mua o kona manawa, i hiki i kekahi ʻano nerve nerve ke hoʻoili i kekahi ʻano ʻikepili. ʻAʻole i manaʻo wale ʻia ua lawe nā ʻano neurons like ʻole i nā ʻano ʻikepili ʻokoʻa, akā ʻoiai i loko o ka ʻike kiʻi, aia kekahi mau ʻano ʻikepili i hoʻouna ʻia ma nā maka ʻokoʻa i ka maka.

Aia kekahi pilikia me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana iā Helmholtz ma ke ʻano he loea mua o ka psychology: ʻaʻole i wehewehe ʻo Helmholtz iā ia iho he psychologist. ʻO kēia kahi mahele no ka mea ʻaʻohe kahua e like me ka psychology i hoʻi i nā makahiki 1800. Ua aʻo ʻia ʻo Wilhelm Wundt ma ke ʻano he biologist, a ʻo William James ma ke ʻano akeakamai. Akā ua hoʻopau ʻo Wundt lāua ʻo James i ka wehewehe ʻana iā lāua iho ma ke ʻano he psychologists. ʻO Helmholtz, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i kāna ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he polofesa o ke kālaikūʻau, a ma hope o ka ʻimi ʻana i nā psychophysics no kekahi manawa, ua hoʻololi i kāna ʻike ʻoihana e lilo i polopeka o ka physics. ʻAʻole hoʻolaʻa ʻia kāna mau makahiki hope loa i ka noiʻi ʻepekema o ka noʻonoʻo, akā i nā thermodynamics, meterology, a me ka electromagnetism. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hāʻawi ʻo Helmholtz i nā hāʻawi i ka physics iā ia i kāna mahalo ākea. Ua alakaʻi kēlā mau hāʻawi i ka mōʻī e hoʻolahalaha iā ia i nā aliʻi (no laila ua lilo kona inoa iā Hermann von Helmholtz). (ʻAʻole ko Helmholtz ola i kahi moʻolelo nui i ka moʻolelo waiwai, akā he kūlana koʻikoʻi ia o ka neʻe i luna. He kumu kula kona makuakāne, a ʻaʻohe ona kumu e hoʻouna ai i kāna keiki kāne akamai i ke kulanui e aʻo i ka physics. Ma kahi o Helmholtz i lawe ai maikaʻi o kahi hana i hāʻawi ʻia e ka pūʻali koa Prussian - uku lākou no kāna hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, inā ʻae ʻo ia e lawelawe i nā makahiki he 8 ma ke ʻano he koa pūʻali koa ma hope o ka puka ʻana. Ma ke ala e lilo i lālā o ka aristocracy no kāna mea i hana ai i ka physics, a me ka hoʻoulu manaʻo psychologists e like me Wundt lāua ʻo James, ua hana ʻo Helmholtz i ka opthalmoscope, a kākau i kahi puke e pili ana i nā optics i hoʻohana ākea ʻia no ka hapalua kenekulia. ʻOiai ʻo ia e aʻo nei i ka ʻōlelo Lākina i ke kula kiʻekiʻe, ua hana ʻo ia i nā kiʻikuhi opio ma lalo o kāna pākaukau. ʻOiai ʻo ia i ke kula kauka, ua loaʻa iā ia ka manawa e hoʻokani piano ai, e heluhelu ai iā Goethe lāua ʻo Byron, a e aʻo ai i ka calculus integral (Fancher & Rutherford, 2015).

E nānā kikoʻī i ka mea noʻeau e pili ana i ke aʻo ʻana o kēia ʻōpio polymath o nā neural impulses a me kāna kumumanaʻo o ka ʻike kala.

Ka uaki ʻana i ka wikiwiki o kahi neul impulse.

He aha ka hana nui e pili ana i ke ana ʻana i ka wikiwiki o kahi neural impulse? ʻĀ, ma mua o ko Helmholtz manawa, ua manaʻo ka poʻe loea he wikiwiki kahi neural impulse, ke hele nei i ka palena ʻole a i ʻole ka wikiwiki palena ʻole. Ke kui ka pin i kou manamana, ma kēlā ʻike, ʻike koke kou lolo iā ia. ʻO kā Helmholtz kākāʻōlelo ponoʻī, ke kālaikūlohea Johannes Müller, i wehewehe i kēia lawe koke ʻia ʻana ma waho o ke ao ʻepekema noiʻi, kahi laʻana o ka hana o ka "ikaika ola" pohihihi i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā hana o nā meaola ola āpau.

Akā ʻo Helmholtz a me kekahi o nā haumāna ʻē aʻe a Müller i manaʻo he ʻaʻohe mea ikaika e like me ia. Ma kahi o lākou, koho lākou inā hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomālamalama i kahi hana e hana nei i loko o kahi mea ola, e ʻike wale ʻoe i ka hana o nā hanana kemika a me nā hanana kino. Ma ke ʻano he polopeka ʻōpio ma ke Kulanui o Konigsberg, ua hoʻolālā ʻo Helmholtz i kahi mea hana e hoʻopili ai i ka wāwae o ka rana i kahi galvanometer, ma ke ʻano e hele ai ke kahe i loko o ka ʻūhā o ka rana e kīkē ai i ke kaola uila. ʻO ka mea āna i ʻike ai i ka wā i zap ai ʻo ia i ka wāwae o ka rana kokoke i ka wāwae, ua ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka twitch ma mua o kona zapped aʻe i ka wāwae. Ua alakaʻi kēia mea iā ia e kuhi i kahi wikiwiki - ua hele ka hōʻailona ma nā neurons o ka wāwae o ka rana ma 57 mph.

A laila ua hana hou ʻo ia i ke aʻo ʻana me nā kānaka ola. Ua aʻo ʻo ia i kāna poʻe i kaomi i ka pihi ke lohe lākou i kahi poke i ko lākou mau wāwae. I ka wā i kī ai ʻo ia i ka manamana wāwae, ua lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ke kumuhana e hoʻopaʻa inoa ai ma mua o ka wā i kī ai ʻo ia i ka ʻūhā. ʻIke nō, aia ka manamana wāwae ma waho o ka lolo, no laila ua hōʻike kēia ua lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ke kuhi neural e hoʻopaʻa inoa i ka wā e huakaʻi loa ai. Kupaianaha kēia no ka mea maʻa mau ka poʻe i nā hana noʻonoʻo e like me ka hana koke ʻana. A i kēlā manawa, ke kuhi nei nā physiologists ʻo ke ʻano o nā kaʻina hana i loko e pono koke. Inā he koholā mākou i kahi hanana, kokoke i ka kekona piha e ʻike ai ko mākou lolo i kahi iʻa i haki ʻia mai kā mākou huelo, a ʻo kahi kekona piha ʻē aʻe e hoʻouna i kahi leka i ka huelo o ka huelo e kāwili i ka iʻa.

I ke kenekulia aʻe, ua hoʻohana nui nā psychologists i kēia hana "manawa hopena", me ka hoʻohana ʻana e kuhi i ka hana neural i loko o nā hana like ʻole (e hana ana i ka mahele lōʻihi a i ʻole ka unuhi ʻana i kahi ʻōlelo i kā mākou ʻōlelo ʻelua me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā helu ʻelua a i ʻole ka heluhelu ʻana i ka mea like. ʻōlelo ma kā mākou ʻōlelo ʻōiwi, ʻo kahi laʻana).

ʻO nā ʻano ʻekolu o nā mea loaʻa ʻike kala i ka maka

ʻO Johannes Müller, ka mea aʻoaʻo a Helmholtz, ua pili paha i ka manaʻo archaic i kahi ola ola e hana koke ana, akā ua lanakila ʻo ia i kekahi mau manaʻo hou kipi, e like me ke "kānāwai o nā ʻikena kikoʻī kikoʻī" - ʻo ia ka manaʻo i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana aʻa. alakaʻi hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano ʻike. Hōʻike ka mea kākau moʻolelo Psychology ʻo Raymond Fancher i hoʻokahi ʻike kuʻuna ma mua o ia manawa he mau puha palahalaha nā neurons i hiki ke lawe i kekahi ʻano ikehu - kala, ʻālohilohi, leo, kani, a ʻaʻala a ʻono a i ʻole ka ʻeha o ka ʻili. Akā ka manaʻo hou he ʻokoʻa nā neurons ʻokoʻa o kēlā me kēia manaʻo.

Ua manaʻo ke kumumanaʻo trichromatic ʻoi aku ka kikoʻī ma mua o kēlā - e loaʻa paha i ka maka i ʻekolu mau ʻano like ʻole o nā receptor, kēlā me kēia mea e lawe nei i ka ʻike e pili ana i kekahi ʻāpana o ka laulaha. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Helmholtz hiki ke kūkulu hou ʻia nā kala like ʻole āpau o ka laulaha e ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā kukui o ʻekolu kala mua - polū, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a me ʻulaʻula. Inā ʻoe e hoʻomālamalama i kahi kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ke kukui ʻulaʻula ma ka wahi like, ʻike ʻoe i ka melemele. Inā ʻoe e hoʻomālamalama i kahi kukui polū a me kahi kukui ʻulaʻula ma ka wahi like e ʻike ʻoe i ka poni, a inā ʻoe e hoʻomālamalama i nā kala ʻekolu, ʻike ʻoe i keʻokeʻo. Ua manaʻo ʻo Helmholtz mai kēia mea hiki i ka lolo ke hoʻoholo i ke kala āu e nānā nei inā ua hoʻopili ia i ka ʻike mai nā ʻano ʻekolu o nā retina retina. Inā e kī aku nei nā mea ʻulaʻula, akā hāmau nā polū, ke ʻike nei ʻoe i ka ʻulaʻula, inā e lele pū ka polū a me ka ʻulaʻula i kahi wikiwiki, ke ʻike nei ʻoe i ka poni poni, a pēlā aku. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka manaʻo ma mua e ke kauka Pelekane ʻo Thomas Young, akā ua hoʻomohala hou aku ʻo Helmholtz iā ia. I kēia lā, ua kapa ʻia ke kumumanaʻo ka ʻO ke kumumanaʻo trichromatic Young-Helmholtz.

I hoʻokahi kenekulia ma hope, i ka 1956, ua loaʻa kahi kākoʻo ma ke Kulanui o Helsinki ʻo Gunnar Svaetichin i ke kākoʻo pololei no ke kumumanaʻo trichromatic e ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā microelectrodes e hoʻopaʻa i nā hōʻailona i hoʻouna ʻia e nā hunaola like ʻole i nā retina iʻa. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua makaʻu nui kekahi i ka polū, kekahi i ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a me kekahi i ʻulaʻula.

ʻOiai ma mua o ke kākoʻo pololei ʻia ʻana o kēia kumumanaʻo, he koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ia - hoʻopunipuni ka pale kīwī i ka maka i ka ʻike ʻana i nā kala ma ka hana hou ʻana i nā kala o ke ānuenue, akā ma ka hoʻohana wale ʻana i ʻekolu mau ʻano pika - ʻulaʻula, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a me ka polū, a ʻo ka hoʻomoe ʻana i ka ʻōlinolino ma kēlā me kēia o kēlā mau kahawai ʻekolu e hoʻopuka i nā kiʻi i ʻike ʻia e ko mākou lolo e like me ka ʻalani alohilohi, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, turquoise ʻōlinolino, a me ka lavender lustrous.

Psychophysics a me ka loaʻa o ke ʻano kanaka

Ke noʻonoʻo nei iā Helmholtz, a me kona mau hoa "psychophysicists," hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo i ka nui o nā mea a mākou i aʻo ai e pili ana i ke ʻano kanaka i nā kenekulia ʻelua i hala. Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa nā akeakamai i kekahi mau nīnau e pili ana i ka palapala ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo i ke ao holoʻokoʻa, akā ua hiki i nā psychophysicists ke hoʻohana i nā hana ʻepekema hou a koʻikoʻi hoʻi e pane maoli i kekahi o kēia mau nīnau maʻamau. Ua hoʻomohala nā Physicists i nā ʻano hana e ana pono ai i nā loli i ka ikehu kino i nā nalu kani a me nā nalu māmā, a laila hoʻomohala nā psychophysicists i nā ʻano hana e hoʻopaʻa moʻolelo pehea i loli ai ka ʻike o ka poʻe, a i ʻole i loli, me kēlā mau hoʻololi kino. ʻO ka mea a lākou i ʻike ai, ʻo ka mea i ʻike ʻia i ka lolo o ke kanaka ʻaʻole ia he mea āpau e hana ʻia ma ka honua. ʻO kekahi ʻano o ka ikehu kino, e like me ke kukui uila infrared a i ʻole kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe nalu kani, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia iā mākou, akā maopopo i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe (e like me nā pi a me nā opeapea). ʻIke nui nā ʻano ikehu ʻē aʻe iā mākou, akā ʻaʻole i kā mākou mau pōpoki holoholona a me nā ʻīlio (i nele i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā mea loaʻa nā waihoʻoluʻu, a ʻike i ka honua i ka ʻeleʻele a me ke keʻokeʻo, koe wale me nā ʻaʻala nui).

ʻO Douglas T. Kenrick ka mea kākau o:

• ʻO ka holoholona noʻonoʻo pono: Pehea ka mea i akamai ai mākou ma mua o ka manaʻo, a o:
• Ka wahine, Pepehi kanaka, a me ke ʻano o ke ola: Nānā kahi psychologist pehea e loli ai ka loiloi, ka ʻike, a me ka paʻakikī i kā mākou ʻike i ke ʻano kanaka.

Nā moʻomanaʻo pūnaewele

• Aia kekahi mau mea akamai i ke kahua o ka psychology? Hiki i ka psychology ke hoʻopaʻa i kahi ihoiho i ka ʻepekema lolouila?
• ʻO wai nā mea akamai o ka psychology (ʻāpana II). ʻO kekahi mau psychologists akamai wau i ʻike.
• He aha ka mea i loaʻa i ka psychology ʻike nui loa?

Nā kūmole

• Jameson, D., & Hurvich L.M. (1982). Gunnar Svaetichin: kahi kāne o ka hihiʻo. Ke holomua i ka noiʻi lapaʻau a me ka biological, 13, 307-10.
• ʻO Fancher, R. E., & Rutherford, A. (2016). Paionia o psychology (5 paʻi). Nu Ioka: W.W. ʻO Norton & Co.