Pehea ka loiloi hou ʻana o ka Cell Cell

ʻO kekahi o nā kumu gating i ke aʻo ʻana i ka lolo o ke kanaka ka hiki ke alakaʻi i ka noiʻi ʻana i kaʻiʻo maoli o ka lolo kanaka. A ʻo kahi hopena, mālama ʻia nā noiʻi ʻepekema he nui ma luna o nā rodents ma ke ʻano he proxy mammalian. ʻO ka drawback i kēia hoʻokokoke ʻana he ʻokoʻa nā lolo rodent i ka hanana a me ka hana. Wahi a Johns Hopkins, ma ke ʻano maʻamau, ʻo ka lolo o ke kanaka ma kahi o 30 pākēneka neurons a me 70 pākēneka glia, ʻoiai ka lolo o ka ʻiole i ka lakio ʻē aʻe [1]. Ua ʻike nā kānaka noiʻi MIT i ka dendrite o nā neurons kanaka lawe i nā uila uila ʻokoʻa ma mua o nā neʻe rodent [2]. ʻO kahi mea hou e ulu ai ka ulu o ka lolo e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻenehana cell stem.

ʻO nā pūnaewele kumu nā ʻāpana i hana ʻole ʻia e hoʻonui ai i nā hunaola ʻokoʻa. He ʻike hou loa ia mai ka makahiki 80. Ua ʻike mua ʻia nā hunaola ʻōiwi Embryonic i ka makahiki 1981 e Sir Martin Evans o ke Kulanui ʻo Cardiff, UK, a laila ma ke Kulanui o Cambridge, kahi 2007 Nobel Laureate i ka lāʻau lapaʻau [3].

I ka 1998, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hunaola ʻōiwi embryonic kanaka i loko o kahi keʻena hana e James Thomson o ke Kulanui o Wisconsin ma Madison a me John Gearhart o ke Kulanui ʻo Johns Hopkins ma Baltimore [4].

ʻEwalu mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua ʻike ʻo Shinya Yamanaka o ke Kulanui ʻo Kyoto i Iapana i kahi hana e hoʻololi i nā ʻili o nā ʻiole i nā hunaola pluripotent e hoʻohana ana i kahi maʻi e hoʻolauna i nā ʻehā ʻehā [5]. Hiki i nā hunaola Pluripotent ke hoʻomohala i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. Ua lanakila ʻo Yamanaka, a me John B. Gurdon, i ka Nobel Prize in Physiology a i ʻole Medicine 2012 no ka ʻike ʻana e hiki ke hoʻolālā hou ʻia nā hunaola makua e lilo i pluripotent [6]. ʻIke ʻia kēia manaʻo e like me nā cell stem pluripotent i hoʻokomo ʻia, a i ʻole iPSCs.

I ka makahiki 2013, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi hui ʻepekema ʻEulopa o nā ʻepekema, alakaʻi ʻia e Madeline Lancaster lāua ʻo Juergen Knoblich, i kahi ʻekolu dimensional (3D) cerebral organoid me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hunaola pluripotent kanaka i "ulu aʻe ma kahi o ʻehā mau milimika ka nui a hiki ke ola ma mua o 10 mau mahina. . [7]. ” ʻO kēia kahi mea nui nui e like me ka hana ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona neuron i 2D.

I kēia mau lā, i ʻOkakopa 2018, kahi hui o nā ʻepekema alakaʻi ʻia e Tufts i ulu i kahi hiʻohiʻona 3D o ka lolo o ka lolo e hōʻike ana i nā neural spontaneous neural no ʻeiwa mau mahina. Ua paʻi ʻia ke aʻo ʻana ma ʻOkakopa 2018 ma ACS Biomaterial Science & Engineering, kahi puke pai o ka American Chemical Society [8].

Mai ka ʻike mua ʻia o nā hunaola i nā ʻiole i ka ulu ʻana o nā pūnaewele neural 3D kanaka mai nā pūnaewele stur plotipotent ma lalo o 40 mau makahiki, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka wikiwiki o ka holomua ʻepekema. Hiki ke kōkua i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona kanaka lolo 3D i mua i ka noiʻi ʻana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lāʻau hou no Alzheimer, Parkinson's, Huntington's, mustrular dystrophy, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ʻo ALS a me Lou Gehrig's disease), a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe a me nā maʻi o ka lolo. ʻO nā mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia e ka neuroscience no ka noiʻi e ulu nei i ka sophistication, a he mea nui nā cell cells i ka wikiwiki o ka holomua e pōmaikaʻi ai ke kanaka.

Kuleana kope © 2018 Cami Rosso nā kuleana āpau.

2. Rosso, ʻo Cami. "No ke aha e hōʻike ai ka lolo kanaka i ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe?" Psychology I kēia lā. 'Okakopa 19, 2018.

3. Kulanui Cardiff. "ʻO Sir Martin Evans, Nobel Prize in Medicine." Ua kiʻi ʻia 23 ʻOkakopa 2018 mai http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/about/honours-and-awards/nobel-laureates/sir-martin-evans

4. Nānā Puʻuwai. "Wā paʻa pūnaewele paʻa." 2015 Apr-Jun. Ua kiʻi ʻia ma 10-23-2018 mai https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4485209/#

5. Scudellari, Megan. "Pehea i hoʻololi ai nā pūnaewele iPS i ka honua." Kūlohelohe. 15 Iune 2016.

6. ʻO ka Nobel Prize (2012-10-08). "ʻO ka Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 [Kaomi Paʻi]. Ua kiʻi ʻia 23 ʻOkakopa 2018 mai https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2012/press-release/

7. Rojahn, Susan Young. "Hoʻonui nā ʻepekema i nā ʻea lolo kanaka 3-D." Nānā ʻenehana MIT. ʻAukake 28, 2013.

1. Cantley, William L .; Du, Chuang; Lomoio, Selene; DePalma, Thomas; Peirent, Emily; Kleinknecht, Dominic; Hunter, Martin; Tang-Schomer, Min D.; Tesco, Giuseppina; Kaplan, David L. ” Hiki ke hana a hoʻomau i nā 3D Model Neural Network Models mai nā Plem Stor Cells. "ACS Biomaterial Science & Engineering, kahi puke pai o ka American Chemical Society. ʻOkakopa 1, 2018.